alternativeАльтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)1608-8298Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс10.15518/isjaee.2018.16-18.070-087alternative-1416Research ArticleВОДОРОДНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКАHYDROGEN ECONOMYИзотопный обмен кислорода с протонпроводящими оксидами на основе скандата лантанаOxygen Isotope Exchange in Proton-Conducting Oxides Based on Lanthanum ScandatesФарленковА. С.FarlenkovA. S.

Андрей Сергеевич Фарленков - инженер/аспирант, Институт высокотемпературной электрохимии УрО РАН, ResearcherID: C-5426-2014 ScopusID: 56297375900 h-index 5.

Д. 20, ул. Академическая, Екатеринбург, 620990, тел.: +7(343)362-33-01, факс: +7(343)374-59-92; Д. 19, ул. Мира, Екатеринбург, 620002, тел.: +7(343)375-44-74

Andrey Farlenkov - engineer / Ph.D. student, Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, UB RAS, ResearcherID: C-5426-2014 ScopusID: 56297375900 h-index 5.

20 Academicheskaya St., Yekaterinburg, 620990, tel.: +7 (343) 362 33 01, fax: +7 (343) 374 59 92; 19 Mir St., Yekaterinburg, 620002,  tel.: +7 (343) 375 44 74

a.farlenkov@yandex.ruХодимчукА. В.KhodimchukA. V.

Анна Владимировна Ходимчук - инженер/аспирант, Институт высокотемпературной электрохимии УрО РАН, 8. h-index 2, ResearchID: L-6717-2017 ScopusID: 57188648623.

Д. 20, ул. Академическая, Екатеринбург, 620990, тел.: +7(343)362-33-01, факс: +7(343)374-59-92; Д. 19, ул. Мира, Екатеринбург, 620002, тел.: +7(343)375-44-74

Anna Khodimchuk - engineer/Ph.D. student, Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, UB RAS. h-index 2, Research ID: L-6717-2017 Scopus ID: 57188648623.

20 Academicheskaya St., Yekaterinburg, 620990, tel.: +7 (343) 362 33 01, fax: +7 (343) 374 59 92; 19 Mir St., Yekaterinburg, 620002,  tel.: +7 (343) 375 44 74

a.farlenkov@yandex.ruШевыревН. А.ShevyrevN. A.

Никита Алексеевич Шевырев - ст. лаборант, ИВТЭ УрО РАН, Research ID: N-2862-2018.

Д. 20, ул. Академическая, Екатеринбург, 620990, тел.: +7(343)362-33-01, факс: +7(343)374-59-92; Д. 19, ул. Мира, Екатеринбург, 620002, тел.: +7(343)375-44-74

Nikita Shevyrev - Senior Assistant, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, UB RAS.    Research ID: N-2862-2018.

20 Academicheskaya St., Yekaterinburg, 620990, tel.: +7 (343) 362 33 01, fax: +7 (343) 374 59 92; 19 Mir St., Yekaterinburg, 620002,  tel.: +7 (343) 375 44 74

a.farlenkov@yandex.ruСтроеваА. Ю.StroevaA. Yu.

Анна Юрьевна Строева - канд. хим. наук, старший научный сотрудник, Институт высокотемпературной электрохимии УрО РАН, h-index 6, ResearchID: A-5663-2017 ScopusID: 8688371100.

Д. 20, ул. Академическая, Екатеринбург, 620990, тел.: +7(343)362-33-01, факс: +7(343)374-59-92; Д. 19, ул. Мира, Екатеринбург, 620002, тел.: +7(343)375-44-74

Anna Stroeva - Ph.D. in Chemistry, Senior Researcher, Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, UB RAS. h-index 6, Research ID: A-5663-2017 Scopus ID: 8688371100.

20 Academicheskaya St., Yekaterinburg, 620990, tel.: +7 (343) 362 33 01, fax: +7 (343) 374 59 92; 19 Mir St., Yekaterinburg, 620002,  tel.: +7 (343) 375 44 74

a.farlenkov@yandex.ruФетисовА. В.FetisovA. V.

Андрей Вадимович Фетисов - д-р хим. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, Институт металлургии Уральского отделения РАН, h-index 5, Scopus ID: 7004202727.

Д. 101, Амундсена, Екатеринбург, 620016, тел.: +7(343)267-91-24, факс: +7(343)267-91-86

Andrey Fetisov - D.Sc. in Chemistry, Head Scientist Researcher, Institute of Metallurgy of the Ural Branch of the RAS. h-index 5, Scopus ID: 7004202727.

101 Amundsen St., Yekaterinburg, 620016, tel.: +7 (343) 267 91 24, fax: +7 (343) 267 91 86

АнаньевМ. В.AnanyevM. V.

Максим Васильевич Ананьев - д-р хим. наук, зав. лабораторией ТОТЭ, директор ИВТЭ УрО РАН, h-index 10, Research ID: F-5104-2014 Scopus ID: 15061114600.

Д. 20, ул. Академическая, Екатеринбург, 620990, тел.: +7(343)362-33-01, факс: +7(343)374-59-92; Д. 19, ул. Мира, Екатеринбург, 620002, тел.: +7(343)375-44-74

Maxim Ananyev - D.Sc. in Chemistry, the Head of Laboratory of SOFC, Director of Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry of the Ural Branch of the RAS. h-index 10, Research ID: F-5104-2014 Scopus ID: 15061114600.

20 Academicheskaya St., Yekaterinburg, 620990, tel.: +7 (343) 362 33 01, fax: +7 (343) 374 59 92; 19 Mir St., Yekaterinburg, 620002,  tel.: +7 (343) 375 44 74

a.farlenkov@yandex.ruИнститут высокотемпературной электрохимии УрО РАН; Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. ЕльцинаРоссияInstitute of High Temperature Electrochemistry of the Ural Branch of the RAS; Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. YeltsinRussian FederationИнститут металлургии УрО РАНРоссияInstitute of Metallurgy of the Ural Branch of the RASRussian Federation201812092018016-187087Copyright © Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 20182018Международный издательский дом научной периодики "СпейсМеждународный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейсhttps://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/1416

Методом изотопного обмена кислорода с уравновешиванием изотопного состава газовой фазы получены температурные зависимости коэффициентов обмена и диффузии кислорода газовой фазы с протонпроводящими оксидами La1–xSrxScO3–δ (x = 0; 0,04; 0,09) в температурном интервале 600−900 ºC при давлении кислорода 1,01 кПа. Установлено, что с повышением содержания стронция в оксиде коэффициенты диффузии и обмена кислорода также повышаются. Определены скорости отдельных стадий обмена кислорода на поверхности исследуемых оксидов. Показано, что скоростьопределяющей стадией обмена кислорода на поверхности недопированного оксида LaScO3 является стадия инкорпорирования. В свою очередь, для La1–xSrxScO3–δ (x = 0; 0,04; 0,09) с ростом концентрации стронция разница между скоростями диссоциативной адсорбции и инкорпорирования кислорода уменьшается так, что для оксида La0,91Sr0,09ScO3–δ скоростьопределяющей стадией обмена становится стадия диссоциативной адсорбции кислорода. В работе анализируются возможные причины указанных отличий в кинетике обмена кислорода. С помощью полученных значений коэффициентов диффузии кислорода, пересчитанных в кислород-ионную проводимость с использованием уравнения Нернста-Эйнштейна, выполнено выделение вкладов кислород-ионной и протонной составляющей общей проводимости оксидов La1–xSrxScO3–δ (x = 0; 0,04; 0,09) во влажной восстановительной атмосфере (рН2О = 2,35 кПа, рО2 = 10–15 Па). Показано, что числа переноса протонов в температурном интервале 500–600 ºС близки к единице во влажной водородсодержащей восстановительной атмосфере.

The method of oxygen isotope exchange with the gas phase equilibration have been used to obtain the temperature dependences of the oxygen surface exchange and diffusion coefficients with proton-conducting oxides La1–xSrxScO3–δ (x = 0; 0.04; 0.09) in the temperature range of 600−900°C at oxygen pressure 1.01 kPa. The paper determines that the diffusion and oxygen surface exchange coefficients increase with the increasing of the strontium content in the oxides. We have found out the rates of the individual stages of the oxygen exchange process on the surface of the oxides. It is shown that oxygen incorporation is rate-determining stage of the oxygen exchange on the surface of the undoped oxide, whereas for the strontium-doped oxides La1–xSrxScO3–δ (x = 0; 0.04; 0.09) with increasing of strontium concentration, the difference between the rates of dissociative adsorption and oxygen incorporation decreases so that for the oxide La0,91Sr0,09ScO3–δ the stage of dissociative adsorption of oxygen becomes rate-determining stage. The paper analyzes the possible reasons of these differences in oxygen surface exchange kinetics. Moreover, the paper using the obtained oxygen diffusion coefficients that have been recalculated in the oxygen-ionic conductivities according to the Nernst-Einstein equation performs the contributions of the oxygen-ion and proton components of the total conductivity of oxides La1–xSrxScO3–δ (x = 0; 0.04; 0.09) in the wet reducing atmosphere (pH2O = 2.35 kPa, pO2 = 10−15 Pa). Proton transference numbers are shown to be close to unit in the temperature range of 500–600 °С at the wet hydrogen-containing reducing atmosphere.

скандат лантанадиффузия кислородамежфазный обмен кислородаизотопный обмен кислородаРФЭСсегрегацияпротонпроводящие оксидыпротонная проводимостьводородная энергетикаlanthanum scandateoxygen tracer diffusionoxygen surface exchangeisotope exchangeXPSsegregationprotonconducting oxidesproton conductivityhydrogen power generationРоссийский научный фонд (грант№ 16-1300053), оборудование Центра коллективного пользования «Состав вещества» и УНУ «Изотопный обмен» ИВТЭ УрО РАН, ЦКП «Урал-М» ИМЕТ УрО РАН; программа 211 Правительства Российской Федерации (соглашение № 02.A03.21.0006)The facilities of the shared access centers “Composition of Compounds”, the Unique Scientific Setup “Isotopic Exchange” of IHTE UB RAS and “Ural-M” of IMET UB RAS were used in this work. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 16-13-00053); the educational activities of Ph.D. students involved into this work were supported by the Act 211 of the Government of the Russian Federation, agreement № 02.A03.21.0006ReferencesSteele, B.C.H. Materials for fuel-cell technologies / B.C.H. Steele, A. Heinzel // Nature. – 2001. – No. 414. – P. 345–352.Steele B.C.H., Heinzel A. Materials for fuel-cell technologies. Nature, 2001;414:345–352.Stempien, J.P. Solid oxide electrolyzer cell modeling: a review / J.P. Stempien, Q. Sunc, S.H. Chan // J. Pow. Technol. – 2013. – No. 93. – P. 216–246.Stempien J.P., Sunc Q., Chan S.H. Solid oxide electrolyzer cell modeling: a review. Journal of Power Technologies, 2013;93:216–246.Bi, L. Steam electrolysis by solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) with proton-conducting oxides / L. Bi, S. Boulfrad, E. Traversa // Chem. Soc. Rev. – 2014. – No. 43. – P. 8255–8270.Bi L., Boulfrad S., Traversa E. Steam electrolysis by solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) with protonconducting oxides. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014;43:8255–8270.Hübert, T. Hydrogen sensors – A review / T. Hübert [et al.] // Sensors and Actuators B. – 2011. – No. 157. – P. 329–352.Hübert T., Boon-Brett L., Black G., Banach U. Hydrogen sensors – A review. Sensors and Actuators B, 2011;157:329–352.Malerød-Fjeld, H. Thermo-electrochemical production of compressed hydrogen from methane with near-zero energy loss / H. Malerød-Fjeld [et al.] // Nature Energy. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 923–931.Malerød-Fjeld H., Clark D., Yuste-Tirados I., Zanón R., Catalán-Martinez D., Beeaff D., Morejudo S.H., Vestre P.K., Norby T., Haugsrud R., Serra J.M., Kjølseth C. Thermo-electrochemical production of compressed hydrogen from methane with near-zero energy loss. Nature Energy, 2017;2:923–931.Zhu, H. Equilibrium thermodynamic predictions of coking propensity in membrane-based dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons and alcohols / H. Zhu [et al.] // Catalysis Today. – In print. doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2017.10.036.Zhu H., Kee B.L., Karakaya C., O’Hayre R., Kee R.J. Equilibrium thermodynamic predictions of coking propensity in membrane-based dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons and alcohols. Catalysis Today, In print. doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2017.10.036.Kreuer, K.D. Proton-conducting oxides / K.D. Kreuer // Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. – 2003. – No. 33. – P. 333–359.Kreuer K.D. Proton-conducting oxides. Annual Review of Materials Research, 2003;33:333–359.Ananyev, M.V. Isotopic exchange between hydrogen from the gas phase and proton-conducting oxides: theory and experiment / M.V. Ananyev, A.S. Farlenkov, E.Kh. Kurumchin // J. Hydrogen Energy. – 2018. – In print. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.05.150.Ananyev M.V., Farlenkov A.S., Kurumchin E.Kh. Isotopic exchange between hydrogen from the gas phase and proton-conducting oxides: theory and experiment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018;43:13373-13382.Fabbri, E. Towards the next generation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells operating below 600°C with chemically stable proton-conducting electrolytes / E. Fabbri [et al.] // Advanced Materials. – 2012. – No. 24. – P. 195−208.Fabbri E., Bi L., Pergolesi D., Traversa E. Towards the next generation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells operating below 600°C with chemically stable protonconducting electrolytes. Advanced Materials, 2012;24:195−208.Norby, T. Ceramic proton and mixed protonelectron conductors in membranes for energy conversion applications / T. Norby // J. Chem. Engineering of Japan. – 2007. – No. 40. – P. 1166–1171.Norby T. Ceramic proton and mixed protonelectron conductors in membranes for energy conversion applications. Journal of Chemical Enginiring of Japan, 2007;40:1166–1171.Norby, T. Solid-state protonic conductors: principles, properties, progress and prospect / T. Norby // Solid State Ionics. – 1999. – No. 125. – P. 1–11.Norby T. Solid-state protonic conductors: principles, properties, progress and prospect. Solid State Ionics, 1999;125:1–11.Matsumoto, H. Relation between electrical conductivity and chemical stability of BaCeO3-based proton conductors with different trivalent dopants / H. Matsumoto [et al.] // Electrochem. and Solid-State Letters. – 2007. – No. 10. – P. B77-B80.Matsumoto H., Kawasaki Y., Ito N., Enoki M., Ishihara T. Relation between electrical conductivity and chemical stability of BaCeO3-based proton conductors with different trivalent dopants. Electrochem. and SolidState Letters, 2007;10:B77-B80.Kuzmin, A.V. Specificity of synthesis and electrical conductivity of density ceramic of La1−xSrxScO3−α proton conducting oxides / A.V. Kuzmin // J. Hydrogen Energy. – 2018. – In print.Kuzmin A.V. Specificity of synthesis and electrical conductivity of density ceramic of La1−xSrxScO3−α proton conducting oxides. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018: In print.Bi, L. Synthesis strategies for improving the performance of doped-BaZrO3 materials in solid oxide fuel cell applications / L. Bi, E. Traversa // Journal of Materials Research. – 2014. – No. 29. – P. 1−15.Bi L., Traversa E. Synthesis strategies for improving the performance of doped-BaZrO3 materials in solid oxide fuel cell applications. Journal of Materials Research, 2014;29:1−15.Nomura, K. High temperature crystallographic study of (La0.9Sr0.1)MIIIO3–δ (MIII = Sc, In, and Lu) perovskite proton conductor / K. Nomura [et al.] // Solid State Ionics. – 2003. – No. 162–163. – P. 99–104.Nomura K., Takeuchi T., Kageyama H., Miyazaki Y. High temperature crystallographic study of (La0.9Sr0.1)MIIIO3–δ (MIII = Sc, In, and Lu) perovskite proton conductor. Solid State Ionics, 2003;162–163:99–104.Nomura, K. Neutron diffraction study of LaScO3-based proton conductor / K. Nomura, H. Kageyama // Solid State Ionics. – 2014. – No. 262. – P. 841–844.Nomura K., Kageyama H. Neutron diffraction study of LaScO3-based proton conductor. Solid State Ionics, 2014;262:841–844.Farlenkov, A.S. Local disorder and water uptake in La1–xSrxScO3–δ / A.S. Farlenkov [et al.] // Solid State Ionics. – 2017. – No. 306. – P. 82–88.Farlenkov A.S., Smolnikov A.G., Ananyev M.V., Khodimchuk A.V., Buzlukov A.L., Kuzmin A.V., Porotnikova N.M. Local disorder and water uptake in La1–xSrxScO3–δ. Solid State Ionics, 2017;306:82–88.Farlenkov, A.S. Water uptake, ionic and hole transport in La0.9Sr0.1ScO3−δ / A.S. Farlenkov [et al.] // Solid State Ionics. – 2017. – No. 306. – P. 126–136.Farlenkov A.S., Putilov L.P., Ananyev M.V., Antonova E.P., Eremin V.A., Stroeva A.Yu., Sherstobitova E.A., Voronin V.I., Berger I.F., Tsidilkovski V.I., Gorelov V.P. Water uptake, ionic and hole transport in La0.9Sr0.1ScO3−δ. Solid State Ionics, 2017;306:126–136.Lybye, D. Proton and oxide ion conductivity of doped LaScO3 / D. Lybye, N. Bonanos // Solid State Ionics. – 1999. – No. 125. – P. 339–344.Lybye D., Bonanos N. Proton and oxide ion conductivity of doped LaScO3. Solid State Ionics, 1999;125:339–344.Nomura, K. Proton conduction in doped LaScO3 perovskites / K. Nomura [et al.] // Solid State Ionics. – 2004. – No. 175. – P. 553–555.Nomura K., Takeuchi T., Kamo S., Kageyama H., Miyazaki Y. Proton conduction in doped LaScO3 perovskites. Solid State Ionics, 2004;175:553–555.Stroeva, A.Yu. Phase composition and conductivity of La1–xSrxScO3–α (x = 0.01–0.20) under oxidative conditions / A.Yu. Stroeva [et al.] // Russ. J. Electrochem. – 2012. – No. 48. – P. 509–517.Stroeva A.Yu., Gorelov V.P., Kuz’min A.V., Antonova E.P., Plaksin S.V. Phase composition and conductivity of La1–xSrxScO3–α (x = 0.01–0.20) under oxidative conditions. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 2012;48:509–517.Stroeva, A.Yu. Nature of conductivity of perovskites La1−xSrxScO3−α (x = 0.01−0.15) under oxidative and reducing conditions / A.Yu. Stroeva, V.P. Gorelov // Russ. J. Electrochem. – 2012. – No. 48. – P. 1079–1085.Stroeva A.Yu., Gorelov V.P. Nature of conductivity of perovskites La1−xSrxScO3−α (x = 0.01−0.15) under oxidative and reducing conditions. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 2012;48:1079–1085.Okuyama, Y. Incorporation and conduction of proton in Sr-doped LaMO3 (M = Al, Sc, In, Yb, Y) / Y. Okuyama [et al.] // Electrochim. Acta. – 2014. – No. 125. – P. 443–449.Okuyama Y., Kozai T., Ikeda S., Matsuka M., Sakai T., Matsumoto H. Incorporation and conduction of proton in Sr-doped LaMO3 (M = Al, Sc, In, Yb, Y). Electrochimica Acta, 2014;125:443–449.Farlenkov, A.S. Oxygen isotope exchange in doped calciumand barium zirconates / A.S. Farlenkov [et al.] // Solid State Ionics. – 2016. – No. 290. – P. 108–115.Farlenkov A.S., Ananyev M.V., Eremina V.A., Porotnikova N.M., Kurumchin E.Kh., Melekh B.-T. Oxygen isotope exchange in doped calciumand barium zirconates. Solid State Ionics, 2016;290:108–115.Ananyev, M.V. Oxygen isotope exchange and diffusion in LnBaCo2O6−δ (Ln = Pr, Sm, Gd) with double perovskite structure / M.V. Ananyev [et al.] // Solid State Ionics. – 2017. – No. 304. – P. 96–106.Ananyev M.V., Eremin V.A., Tsvetkov D.S., Porotnikova N.M., Farlenkov A.S., Zuev A.Yu., Fetisov A.V., Kurumchin E.Kh. Oxygen isotope exchange and diffusion in LnBaCo2O6−δ (Ln = Pr, Sm, Gd) with double perovskite structure. Solid State Ionics, 2017;304:96–106.Ananyev, M.V. Oxygen isotope exchange in La2NiO4±δ / M.V. Ananyev [et al.] // Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. – 2016. – No. 18. – P. 9102–9111.Ananyev M.V., Tropin E.S., Eremin V.A., Farlenkov A.S., Smirnov A.S., Kolchugin A.A., Porotnikova N.M., Khodimchuk A.V., Berenov A.V., Kurumchin E.Kh. Oxygen isotope exchange in La2NiO4±δ. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2016;18:9102–9111.Tropin, E.S. Surface defect chemistry and oxygen exchange kinetics in La2–xCaxNiO4+δ / E.S. Tropin [et al.] // J. Solid State Chem. – 2018. – No. 262. – P. 199–213.Tropin E.S., Ananyev M.V., Farlenkov A.S., Khodimchuk A.V., Berenov A.V., Fetisov A.V., Eremin V.A., Kolchugin A.A. Surface defect chemistry and oxygen exchange kinetics in La2–xCaxNiO4+δ. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 2018;262:199–213.Klier, K. Theory of exchange reactions between fluids and solids with tracer diffusion in the solid / K. Klier, E. Kucera // J. Phys. Chem. Solids. – 1966. – No. 27. – P. 1087–1095.Klier K., Kucera E. Theory of exchange reactions between fluids and solids with tracer diffusion in the solid. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 1966;27:1087–1095.den Otter, M.W. Theory of oxygen isotope exchange / M.W. den Otter, B.A. Boukamp, H.J.M. Bouwmeester // Solid State Ionics. – 2001. – No. 139. – P. 89–94.den Otter M.W., Boukamp B.A., Bouwmeester H.J.M. Theory of oxygen isotope exchange. Solid State Ionics, 2001;139:89–94.Yoo, C.-Y. Oxygen surface exchange kinetics of SrTi1–xFexO3–d mixed conducting oxides / C.-Y. Yoo, H.J.M. Bouwmeester // Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. – 2012. – No. 14. – P. 11759–11765.Yoo C.-Y., Bouwmeester H.J.M. Oxygen surface exchange kinetics of SrTi1–xFexO3–d mixed conducting oxides. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2012;14:11759–11765.De Souza, R.A. The application of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to the study of high temperature proton conductors (HTPC) / R.A. De Souza, J.A. Kilner, C. Jeynes // Solid State Ionics. – 1997. – No. 97. – P. 409−419.De Souza R.A., Kilner J.A., Jeynes C. The application of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to the study of high temperature proton conductors (HTPC). Solid State Ionics, 1997;97:409−419.Nivot, C. Oxygen diffusion in SrZrO3 / C. Nivot // Solid State Ionics. – 2009. – No. 180. – P. 1040−1044.Nivot C., Legros C., Lesage B., Kilo M., Argirusis C. Oxygen diffusion in SrZrO3. Solid State Ionics, 2009;180:1040−1044.Vdovin, G.K. High-temperature proton conductors based on strontium and barium cerates: The interphase exchange and diffusion of oxygen / G.K. Vdovin, E.Kh. Kurumchin // Russ. J. Electrochem. – 2004. – No. 40. – P. 410−413.Vdovin G.K., Kurumchin E.Kh. Hightemperature proton conductors based on strontium and barium cerates: The interphase exchange and diffusion of oxygen. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 2004;40:410−413.Biesinger, M.C. Resolving surface chemical states in XPS analysis of first row transition metals, oxides and hydroxides: Sc, Ti, V, Cu and Zn / M.C. Biesinger [et al.] // Applied Surface Science. – 2010. – No. 257. – P. 887–898.Biesinger M.C., Payne B.P., Grosvenor A.P., Lau L.W.M., Gerson A.R., Smart R.St.C. Resolving surface chemical states in XPS analysis of first row transition metals, oxides and hydroxides: Sc, Ti, V, Cu and Zn. Applied Surface Science, 2010;257:887–898.Uwamino, Y. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of rare-earth compounds / Y. Uwamino, T. Ishizuka, H. Yamatera // J. Elect. Spec. Rel. Phenom. – 1984. – No. 34. – P. 67–78.Uwamino Y., Ishizuka T., Yamatera H. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of rare-earth compounds. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 1984;34:67–78.Moulder, J.F. Handbook of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy / J.F. Moulder [et al.] // Minnesota, USA: Perkin-Elmer Corp. – 1992.Moulder J.F., Stickle W.F., Sobol P.E., Bomben K.D. Handbook of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Minnesota, USA: Perkin-Elmer Corp., 1992.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.