<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">alternative</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-8298</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15518/isjaee.2018.22-24.012-027</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">alternative-1477</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМАЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RENEWABLE ENERGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ОЦЕНКА ПРИХОДА СОЛНЕЧНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ И ВЫБОР ОПТИМАЛЬНОГО УГЛА НАКЛОНА СОЛНЕЧНОЙ БАТАРЕИ ДЛЯ УСЛОВИЙ СИРИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>EVALUATION OF SOLAR ENERGY AND SELECTION OF OPTIMAL TILT ANGLE OF SOLAR PANELS FOR CONDITIONS IN SYRIA</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2239-447X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рамадан</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ramadan</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Амер Рамадан - аспирант кафедры теоретической электротехники и электромеханики, Институт энергетики и транспортных систем</p><p>29 Politehnicheskaya Str., Saint Petersburg, 195251</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Amer Ramadan - Ph.D. Student at the Department of Theoretical Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Energy and Transport Systems</p><p>29 Politehnicheskaya Str., Saint Petersburg, 195251</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eng_amer@live.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-6027</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елистратов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Elistratov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виктор Васильевич Елистратов - доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры «Водохозяйственное и гидротехническое строительство» СПбПУ, директор научно-образовательного центра «Возобновляемые виды энергии и установки на их основе» (НОЦ «ВИЭ»)</p><p>29 Politehnicheskaya Str., Saint Petersburg, 195251</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor Elistratov - D.Sc. in Engineering, Professor at the Water Resources and Hydrotechnical Engineering department of St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, the Director of Scientific Center “Renewable Energy Sources”</p><p>29 Politehnicheskaya Str., Saint Petersburg, 195251</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>22-24</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/1477">https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/1477</self-uri><abstract><p>Разработана методика определения прихода солнечной радиации на горизонтальную поверхность на примере территории Сирии с использованием базы метеоданных NASA и программы ArcGIS для создания карт и атласов. Для расчетов прихода солнечной энергии на наклонную площадку применялась, как наиболее достоверная для Сирии, методика, предложенная Лю и Джорданом (1962 г.), развитая Кляйном (1977 г.) и дополненная авторами данной статьи алгоритмом аппроксимации. Для адаптации методики был выполнен расчет значений для среднемесячной и среднегодовой суточной солнечной радиации на наклонную площадку и ее составляющих (прямой, диффузной и отраженной) в точке с широтой 33º и долготой 36º на территории Сирии и определены годовой и месячные значения оптимального угла наклона солнечной батареи. Предложенная методика была применена для 63 точек, покрывающих территорию Сирии. Проведено разделение территории Сирии на зоны, характеризуемые оптимальным углом наклона солнечной батареи и максимальным годовым приходом солнечной энергии на наклонную площадку при данных углах наклона солнечной батареи с помощью метода интерполяции обратно взвешенных расстояний в программе ArcGIS. Разработан атлас прихода солнечной радиации на территорию Сирии для рассчитанных оптимальных углов наклона. Показано, что годовой оптимальный угол наклона солнечной батареи для территории Сирии изменяется в диапазоне от 23º до 28º, при этом среднегодовой приход солнечной энергии на наклонную площад ку изменяется в диапазоне от 1 859 кВт·ч/м2·г. до 2 069 кВт·ч/м2·г. Кроме того, на основе базы метеоданных NASA был определен общий природный потенциал солнечной энергии на территории Сирии на оптимальные наклонные площадки, который составляет 362,1·103 ТВт·ч/год.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article suggests the method for calculating the solar radiation on a horizontal surface of the territory of Syria which has been developed using the weather database of NASA and ArcGIS software to create the atlases of Syria. In order to compute the solar radiation on an inclined surface for Syria, the following steps were taken. Firstly, the method proposed by Liu and Jordan (1962) and developed by Klein (1977) was used and applied at a point with a latitude of 33º and a longitude of 36º in Syria to calculate the total average daily monthly and yearly solar radiation on an inclined surface and its components (direct, diffuse and ground reflected). Secondly, the annual and monthly values of the optimal tilt angle of the solar panels were determined. Thirdly, verification of reliability and accuracy of calculations was carried out. Finally, using the interpolation method (inverse distance weighted IDW) in ArcGIS, the method proposed was applied to 63 points that covered the territory of Syria. Thus, we developed an Atlas of Syria of solar radiation on an inclined surface which characterized by the optimal tilt angles of solar panels and the maximum annual solar radiation on an inclined surface under these angles. Solar Radiation Atlas of Syria shows that the annual optimal tilt angle of the solar panels varies in the range from 23º to 28º and the maximum average annual solar radiation on an inclined surface under these angles varies in the range from 1859 to 2069 kWh/m2·year. In addition, on the basis of the NASA meteorological database, we determined the average total gross (natural) potential of solar energy on optimal inclined surfaces in Syria which is 362.1·103 TWh per year.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>методика</kwd><kwd>солнечная радиация</kwd><kwd>горизонтальная и наклонная поверхности</kwd><kwd>Сирия</kwd><kwd>NASA</kwd><kwd>ArcGIS</kwd><kwd>атлас</kwd><kwd>Лю и Джордан</kwd><kwd>оптимальный угол наклона солнечной батареи</kwd><kwd>интерполяция</kwd><kwd>потенциал</kwd><kwd>точка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>method</kwd><kwd>solar radiation</kwd><kwd>horizontal and inclined surface</kwd><kwd>Syria</kwd><kwd>NASA</kwd><kwd>ArcGIS</kwd><kwd>Atlas</kwd><kwd>Liu and Jordan</kwd><kwd>optimal tilt angle of the solar panel</kwd><kwd>interpolation</kwd><kwd>potential</kwd><kwd>point</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Energy Agency (IEA), Key world energy statistics [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2017.pdf – (Дата обращения: 01.06.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Energy Agency (IEA), Key world energy statistics. Available in: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2017.pdf  (06.01.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Елистратов, В.В. Современное состояние и тренды развития ВИЭ в мире / В.В. Елистратов // Международный научный журнал «Альтернативная энергетика и экология» (ISJAEE). – 2017. – № 01–03. – С. 84–100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elistratov V.V. Current situation and trends of the world RES development (Sovremennoye sostoyaniye i trendy razvitiya VIE v mire). International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), 2017;1–3:84–100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Renewable_Energy_Statistics_2017.pdf – (Дата обращения: 01.06.2018)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Available in: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Renewable_Energy_Statistics_2017.pdf (06.01.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">REN21, Renewables 2017 Global Status Report [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/178399_GSR_2017_Full_Report_0621_Opt.pdf – (Дата обращения: 01.06.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">REN21, Renewables 2017 Global Status Report. Available in: http://www.ren21.net/wpcontent/uploads/2017/06/178399_GSR_2017_Full_Report_0621_Opt.pdf (01.06.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рамадан, А. Использование возобновляемых источников энергии в Сирии / А. Рамадан, В.В. Елистратов. – В сборнике: Возобновляемая энергетика: проблемы и перспективы. Актуальные проблемы освоения возобновляемых энергоресурсов // Материалы V Международной конференции. – 2017. – С. 135–141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramadan A., Elistratov V.V. Use of renewable energy sources in Syria (Ispol'zovaniye vozobnovlyayemykh istochnikov energii v Sirii). In the collection: Renewable energy: problems and prospects. Actual problems of renewable energy resources development. Proceedings of the V International conference – Makhachkala (V sbornike: Vozobnovlyayemaya energetika: problemy i perspektivy. Aktual'nyye problemy osvoyeniya vozobnovlyayemykh energoresursov Materialy V Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii), 2017; pp. 135–141 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рамадан, А. Потенциал традиционных и возобновляемых источников энергии в Сирии / А. Рамадан, В.В. Елистратов // Энергохозяйство за рубежом. – 2017. – № 5 (294). – С. 15–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramadan A., Elistratov V.V. Potential of traditional and renewable energy sources in Syria (Potentsial traditsionnykh i vozobnovlyayemykh istochnikov energii v Sirii). Energokhozyaystvo za rubezhom, 2017;5(294):15−21 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ibrahim, A. Estimation of Solar Irradiance on Inclined Surfaces Facing South in Tanta, Egypt / A. Ibrahim [et al.] // International Journal of Renewable Energy Research IJRER. – 2011. – Vol. 1. – No.1. – P.18–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibrahim A., El-Sebaii A., Ramadan M.R.I., ElBroullesy S.M. Estimation of Solar Irradiance on Inclined Surfaces Facing South in Tanta, Egypt. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research IJRER, 2011;1(1):18−25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Елистратов, В.В. Солнечные энергоустановки. Оценка поступления солнечного излучения: учебное пособие, под ред. В. В. Елистратова / В.В. Елистратов, Е.С. Аронова. – СПб.: Изд-во Политехн. ун-та, 2012. − 164 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elistratov V.V., Aronova Ye.S. Solar power installations. Assessment of solar radiation incoming: text book (Solnechnyye energoustanovki. Otsenka postupleniya solnechnogo izlucheniya: uchebnoye posobiye). Ed.: V. V. Yelistratova. SPb.: Izd-vo Politekhn. un-ta Publ., 2012; 164 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shukla, K.N. Comparative study of isotropic and anisotropic sky models to estimate solar radiation incident on tilted surface: a case study for Bhopal, India / K.N. Shukla, S. Rangnekar, K. Sudhakar // Energy Reports. − 2015. – Vol. 1. − P. 96-103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shukla K.N., Rangnekar S., Sudhakar K. Comparative study of isotropic and anisotropic sky models to estimate solar radiation incident on tilted surface: a case study for Bhopal, India. Energy Reports, 2015;1:96−103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikiforiadis, L. Modeling Solar Irradiance / L. Nikiforiadis. − Master thesis in Energy Systems, School of science &amp; technology, international Hellenic university, Thessaloniki – Greece, 2014. − 145 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikiforiadis L. Modeling Solar Irradiance. Master thesis in Energy Systems, School of science &amp; technology, international Hellenic university, Thessaloniki – Greece, 2014; 145 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Источник базы метеоданных NASA [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgibin/sse/grid.cgi?email=skip@larc.nasa.gov − (Дата обращения: 01.06.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy. Available in: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgibin/sse/grid.cgi?email=skip@larc.nasa.gov (06.01.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Childs, C. Interpolating Surfaces in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst / C. Childs. − In ArcUser, ESRI, California, 2004. − P. 32−35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Childs C. Interpolating Surfaces in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst. In ArcUser, ESRI, California, 2004; pp. 32−35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elistratov, V.V. Energy potential assessment of solar and wind resources in Syria / V.V. Elistratov, A. Ramadan // Journal of Applied Engineering Science. – 2018. − Vol. 16. − No. 2. − P. 208–216; doi: 10.5937/jaes16-16040.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elistratov V., Ramadan A. Energy potential assessment of solar and wind resources in Syria. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 2018;16(2):208−216; doi: 10.5937/jaes16-16040.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duffie, J.A. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes: 4th Edition / J.A. Duffie, W.A. Beckman. – Solar Energy Laboratory University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013. – 928 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duffie J.A., Beckman W.A. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes 4th Edition. Solar Energy Laboratory University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013; 928 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Виссарионов, В.И. Солнечная энергетика, Учебное пособие / В.И. Виссарионов [и др.]. − Москва, МЭИ, 2008. 320 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vissarionov V.I., Deryugina G.V., Kuznetsova V.A., Malinin N.K. Solar energy, textbook (Solnechnaya energetika. Uchebnoye posobiye). Moscow: MEI Publ., 2008; 320 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baklouti, I. Estimation of solar radiation on horizontal and inclined surfaces in Sfax / I. Baklouti, Z. Driss, M.S. Abid // TUNISIA, 2012 First International Conference on Renewable Energies and Vehicular Technology. Hammamet, 2012. – P. 131–140; doi: 10.1109/REVET.2012.6195260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baklouti I., Driss Z., Abid M.S. Estimation of solar radiation on horizontal and inclined surfaces in Sfax. TUNISIA, 2012 First International Conference on Renewable Energies and Vehicular Technology. Hammamet, 2012, pp. 131–140; doi: 10.1109/REVET.2012.6195260.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benkaciali, S. Comparative study of two models to estimate solar radiation on an inclined surface / S. Benkaciali, K. Gairaa // Revue des Energies Renouvelables. – 2012. – Vol. 15. – No. 2. – P. 219–228.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benkaciali S., Gairaa K. Comparative study of two models to estimate solar radiation on an inclined surface. Revue des Energies Renouvelables, 2012;15(2):219−228.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khalil, S.A. Performance of statistical comparison models of solar energy on horizontal and inclined surface / S.A. Khalil, A.M. Shaffie // International Journal of Energy and Power (IJEP). – 2013. – Vol. 2. – Iss. 1. – P. 8–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalil S.A., Shaffie A.M. Performance of statistical comparison models of solar energy on horizontal and inclined surface. International Journal of Energy and Power (IJEP), 2013;2(1):8−25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
