<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">alternative</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-8298</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15518/isjaee.2018.31-36.035-051</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">alternative-1538</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВОДОРОДНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HYDROGEN ECONOMY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ЖИЗНЕННОГО ЦИКЛА ВОДОРОДА В КАЧЕСТВЕ РЕШЕНИЯ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ЭНЕРГОПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ НА ГИДРОЭЛЕКТРОСТАНЦИЯХ: НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ИТАЛИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>LIFE-CYCLE PERFORMANCE OF HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY MANAGEMENT SOLUTION IN HYDROPOWER PLANTS: A CASE STUDY IN CENTRAL ITALY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валенте</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valente</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Антонио Валенте - магистр, научный сотрудник Института энергетики IMDEA в Мадриде; Секретарь / Казначей Отдела водородных энергетических систем IAHE</p><p>28935, Мостолес, тел.: +34 (91) 737-11-19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Antonio Valente - M.Sc.; Researcher at the IMDEA Energy Institute of Madrid; Secretary/Treasurer of IAHE HydrogenEnergy Systems Division</p><p>28935, Móstoles, tel.: +34 91 7371119</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ирибаррен</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Iribarren</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Диего Ирибаррен - доктор наук, научный сотрудник отдела системного анализа IMDEA Energy (Испания); эксперт по задачам IEA HIA 30 и 36; председатель испанской сети оценки жизненного цикла esLCA</p><p>28935, Мостолес, тел.: +34 (91) 737-11-19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Diego Iribarren - Ph.D.; Researcher in the Systems Analysis Unit of IMDEA Energy (Spain); expert in IEA HIA Tasks 30 and 36; Chair of the Spanish Network for Life Cycle Assessment esLCA</p><p>28935, Móstoles, tel.: +34 91 7371119</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">diego.iribarren@imdea.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дюфур</surname><given-names>Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dufour</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хавьер Дюфур - доктор наук, профессор Университета Рей Хуана Карлоса; профессор исследователь и руководитель отдела системного анализа в энергетическом институте IMDEA; Заместитель председателя Межотраслевых исследований Hydrogen Europe Research; бывший председатель испанской сети оценки жизненного цикла (esLCA); операционный агент задачи 36 «Оценка устойчивости жизненного цикла водородных энергетических систем». Водородное соглашение Международного энергетического агентства. 01/01 /15-31 / 12/17</p><p>28933, Мостолес</p><p>28935, Мостолес, тел.: +34 (91) 737-11-19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Javier Dufour - Ph.D.; Full Professor at Rey Juan Carlos University; Research Professor and Head of the Systems Analysis Unit at IMDEA Energy Institute; Vice-chair of Cross Cutting Research Activities of Hydrogen Europe Research; Former Chair of the Spanish Life Cycle Network (esLCA); Operating Agent of Task 36 “Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Hydrogen Energy Systems”. Hydrogen Implementing Agreement of International Energy Agency. 01/01/15-31/12/17</p><p>28933, Móostoles</p><p>28935, Móstoles, tel.: +34 91 7371119</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спаццафумо</surname><given-names>Дж.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Spazzafumo</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Джузеппе Спаццафумо - доктор наук; доцент Университета Кассино и Южного Лацио; координатор международных симпозиумов HYPOTHESIS («Теоретические и технические решения по водородной энергетике»); член совета директоров IAHE (Международная ассоциация водородной энергетики); президент отдела энергетических систем IAHE</p><p>д. 43, Виа-Гаэтано-ди-Биасио, I-03043 Кассино, тел.: +39 0585 52761</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Giuseppe Spazzafumo - Ph.D.; Associate Professor at University of Cassino and Southern Lazio; Coordinator of HYPOTHESIS (Hydrogen Power Theoretical and Engineering Solutions International Symposium) Series; Member of the Board of Directors of IAHE (International Association for Hydrogen Energy); President of IAHE Hydrogen Energy Systems Division</p><p>Via G. Di Biasio 43, I-03043 Cassino, tel.: +39 0585 52761</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">spazzafumo@unicas.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Отдел системного анализа, Институт IMDEA Энергия</institution><country>Испания</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Systems Analysis Unit, Instituto IMDEA Energı´a</institution><country>Spain</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Отдел системного анализа, Институт IMDEA Энергия;&#13;
Кафедра химической и энергетической технологии, ESCET, Университет Рей Хуана Карлоса</institution><country>Испания</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Systems Analysis Unit, Instituto IMDEA Energı´a;&#13;
Department of Chemical and Energy Technology, ESCET Rey Juan Carlos University</institution><country>Spain</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра гражданского машиностроения, Университет Кассино и Южного Лацио</institution><country>Италия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio</institution><country>Italy</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>01</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>31-36</issue><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/1538">https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/1538</self-uri><abstract><p>Пригодность водорода для решения вопроса регулирования энергопотребления на гидроэлектростанции в центральной части Италии оценивается с точки зрения жизненного цикла. Рассматривается производство водорода в непиковые часы посредством электролиза, а также потенциальное хранение водорода в гидридах металлов с последующим использованием водорода в пиковые часы для выработки электроэнергии с помощью технологии топливных элементов. Выработка гидроэлектроэнергии и выработка водорода определяются как подсистемы, в наибольшей степени соответствующие девяти оцененным категориям воздействия (например, глобальное потепление, абиотическое истощение и совокупная потребность в энергии). Получаемый возобновляемый водород демонстрирует более благоприятные экологические и энергетические характеристики в течение жизненного цикла, чем традиционный водород, образующийся при риформинге с водяным паром. Кроме того, при расширении системы с использованием водорода для выработки электроэнергии возобновляемый продукт электроэнергии показывает лучшие параметры жизненного цикла по сравнению с традиционным электричеством для итальянской электрической сети. В целом, с точки зрения жизненного цикла, водород является подходящим энергетическим решением на гидроэлектростанциях как в виде самого водорода (например, для транспортировки), так и в качестве исходного сырья для последующего производства электроэнергии в часы пик.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The suitability of hydrogen as an energy management solution in a run-of-river hydropower plant inCentral Italyis evaluated from a life-cycle perspective. Hydrogen production at off-peak hours via electrolysis is considered, as well as potential hydrogen storage in metal hydrides followed by hydrogen use at peak hours for power generation using fuel cell technology. Hydropower generation and hydrogen production are identified as the subsystems contributing most to the nine evaluated impact categories (e.g., global warming, abiotic depletion and cumulative energy demand). The renewable hydrogen produced shows a more favourable life-cycle environmental and energy performance than conventional hydrogen generated via steam methane reforming. Furthermore, when enlarging the system with hydrogen use for power generation, the renewable electricity product shows a better life-cycle profile than conventional electricity for the Italian electrical grid. Overall, under life-cycle aspects, hydrogen is found to be a suitable energy solution in hydropower plants both as a hydrogen product itself (e.g., for transportation) and as a feedstock for subsequent power generation at peak hours.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электричество</kwd><kwd>хранилище энергии</kwd><kwd>топливная ячейка</kwd><kwd>оценка жизненного цикла</kwd><kwd>возобновляемая энергия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electricity</kwd><kwd>energy storage</kwd><kwd>fuel cell</kwd><kwd>life cycle assessment</kwd><kwd>renewable energy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">British Petroleum. BP statistical review of world energy. 2014. Available on: www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-ofworldenergy- 2014-full-report.pdf [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">British Petroleum. BP statistical review of world energy. 2014. Available on: www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-ofworldenergy- 2014-full-report.pdf [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Fifth Assessment Report. Available on: www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5 [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Fifth Assessment Report. Available on: www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5 [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zamfirescu C., Dincer I. Assessment of a new integrated solar energy system for hydrogen production. Sol. Energy, 2014;107:700–13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zamfirescu C., Dincer I. Assessment of a new integrated solar energy system for hydrogen production. Sol. Energy, 2014;107:700–13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khalilnejad A., Riahy G.H. A hybrid wind-PV system performance investigation for the purpose of maximum hydrogen production and storage using advanced alkaline electrolyzer. Energy Convers Manag., 2014;80:398–406.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalilnejad A., Riahy G.H. A hybrid wind-PV system performance investigation for the purpose of maximum hydrogen production and storage using advanced alkaline electrolyzer. Energy Convers Manag., 2014;80:398–406.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carr S., Premier G.C., Guwy A.J., Dinsdale R.M., Maddy J. Hydrogen storage and demand to increase wind power onto electricity distribution networks. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2014;39:10195–207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carr S., Premier G.C., Guwy A.J., Dinsdale R.M., Maddy J. Hydrogen storage and demand to increase wind power onto electricity distribution networks. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2014;39:10195–207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmadi S., Rezaei Mirghaed M., Roshandel R. Performance of a standalone wind-hydrogen power system for regions with seasonal wind profile: a case study in Khaf region. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess, 2014;7:265–78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmadi S., Rezaei Mirghaed M., Roshandel R. Performance of a standalone wind-hydrogen power system for regions with seasonal wind profile: a case study in Khaf region. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess, 2014;7:265–78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mansilla C., Avril S., Imbach J., Le Duigou A. CO2-free hydrogen as a substitute to fossil fuels: what are the targets? prospective assessment of the hydrogen market attractiveness. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2012;37:9451–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mansilla C., Avril S., Imbach J., Le Duigou A. CO2-free hydrogen as a substitute to fossil fuels: what are the targets? prospective assessment of the hydrogen market attractiveness. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2012;37:9451–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Contaldi M., Gracceva F., Mattucci A. Hydrogen perspectives in Italy: analysis of possible deployment scenarios. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2008;33:1630–42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Contaldi M., Gracceva F., Mattucci A. Hydrogen perspectives in Italy: analysis of possible deployment scenarios. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2008;33:1630–42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dincer I. Green methods for hydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2012;37:1954–71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dincer I. Green methods for hydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2012;37:1954–71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ISO 14040. Environmental management e life cycle assessment e principles and framework. Int Organ Stand 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ISO 14040. Environmental management e life cycle assessment e principles and framework. Int Organ Stand 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ISO 14044. Environmental management e life cycle assessment e requirements and guidelines. Int Organ Stand 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ISO 14044. Environmental management e life cycle assessment e requirements and guidelines. Int Organ Stand 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enel. Fonte Cupa Hydropower plant. Available on: http://www.enel.it/it-IT/impianti/mappa/dettaglio/fonte-cupa-fontana-liri/p/090027d98192f81d [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enel. Fonte Cupa Hydropower plant. Available on: http://www.enel.it/it-IT/impianti/mappa/dettaglio/fonte-cupa-fontana-liri/p/090027d98192f81d [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dufour J., Serrano D.P., Gálvez J.L., González A., Soria E., Fierro J.L.G. Life cycle assessment of alternatives for hydrogen production from renewable and fossil sources. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2012;37:1173–83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dufour J., Serrano D.P., Gálvez J.L., González A., Soria E., Fierro J.L.G. Life cycle assessment of alternatives for hydrogen production from renewable and fossil sources. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2012;37:1173–83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Centro Funzionale Regione Lazio. Liri Ad Isola Del Liri LII_29. Available on: www.idrografico.roma.it/asp.net/schede/Stazioni_Misura_Portata/35.pdf [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Centro Funzionale Regione Lazio. Liri Ad Isola Del Liri LII_29. Available on: www.idrografico.roma.it/asp.net/schede/Stazioni_Misura_Portata/35.pdf [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Citrini D., Noseda G. Hydraulics [in Italian]. Milan: Ambrosiana; 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Citrini D., Noseda G. Hydraulics [in Italian]. Milan: Ambrosiana; 1994.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Della Volpe R. Machines [in Italian]. Naples: Liguori Editore; 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Della Volpe R. Machines [in Italian]. Naples: Liguori Editore; 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cordova M.M., Finardi E.C., Ribas F.A.C., de Matos V.L., Scuzziato M.R. Performance evaluation and energy production optimization in the real-time operation of hydropower plants. Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2014;116:201–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cordova M.M., Finardi E.C., Ribas F.A.C., de Matos V.L., Scuzziato M.R. Performance evaluation and energy production optimization in the real-time operation of hydropower plants. Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2014;116:201–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terna Rete Italia. Italian electrical grid: data. 2013. Available on: www.terna.it/default.aspx?tabidј380 [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terna Rete Italia. Italian electrical grid: data. 2013. Available on: www.terna.it/default.aspx?tabidј380 [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carmo M., Fritz D.L., Mergel J., Stolten D. A. comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013;38:4901–34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carmo M., Fritz D.L., Mergel J., Stolten D. A. comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013;38:4901–34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hydrogenics HySTAT™-60. Available on: www.hydrogenics.com/ hydrogen-productssolutions/industrial-hydrogengenerators- byelectrolysis/outdoor-installation/hystattrade- 60 [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hydrogenics HySTAT™-60. Available on: www.hydrogenics.com/ hydrogen-productssolutions/industrial-hydrogengenerators- byelectrolysis/outdoor-installation/hystattrade- 60 [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flury K., Frischknecht R. Life cycle inventories of hydroelectric power generation. Uster ESU-services 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flury K., Frischknecht R. Life cycle inventories of hydroelectric power generation. Uster ESU-services 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dones R., Bauer C., Bolliger R., Burger B., Faist-Emmenegger M., Frischknecht R., et al. Life cycle inventories of energy systems: results for current systems in Switzerland and other UCTE countries, ecoinvent report No. 5. Dűbendorf: Swiss centre for life cycle inventories. 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dones R., Bauer C., Bolliger R., Burger B., Faist-Emmenegger M., Frischknecht R., et al. Life cycle inventories of energy systems: results for current systems in Switzerland and other UCTE countries, ecoinvent report No. 5. Dűbendorf: Swiss centre for life cycle inventories. 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enel. Environmental statement. Hydropower plants [in Italian]. 2013. Available on: www.enel.it/itIT/doc/azienda/ambiente/dichiarazioni_ambientali/20130624_da_emiliatoscana_2013.pdf [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enel. Environmental statement. Hydropower plants [in Italian]. 2013. Available on: www.enel.it/itIT/doc/azienda/ambiente/dichiarazioni_ambientali/20130624_da_emiliatoscana_2013.pdf [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ENEA. Climate archive: Climate profile of Italy – Lazio – Frosinone. Available on: clisun.casaccia.enea.it/Profili/_images/regionimappe/lazioprovin/fros.html [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ENEA. Climate archive: Climate profile of Italy – Lazio – Frosinone. Available on: clisun.casaccia.enea.it/Profili/_images/regionimappe/lazioprovin/fros.html [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dragoni W, Valigi D. Contribution to the estimation of evaporation from liquid surfaces in Central Italy [in Italian]. Geol. Romana, 1994;30:151–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dragoni W, Valigi D. Contribution to the estimation of evaporation from liquid surfaces in Central Italy [in Italian]. Geol. Romana, 1994;30:151–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maack M.H. Deliverable nº 8-5 RS1a e generation of the energy carrier hydrogen in context with electricity buffering generation through fuel cells. Reykjavik: Icelandic New Energy; 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maack M.H. Deliverable nº 8-5 RS1a e generation of the energy carrier hydrogen in context with electricity buffering generation through fuel cells. Reykjavik: Icelandic New Energy; 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Susmozas A., Iribarren D., Dufour J. Life-cycle performance of indirect biomass gasification as a green alternative to steam methane reforming for hydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013;38:9961–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Susmozas A., Iribarren D., Dufour J. Life-cycle performance of indirect biomass gasification as a green alternative to steam methane reforming for hydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013;38:9961–72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frischknecht R., Jungbluth N., Althaus H.J., Doka G., Heck T., Hellweg S., et al. Overview and Methodology, ecoinvent report No. 1. Dűbendorf Swiss Centre Life Cycle Invent, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frischknecht R., Jungbluth N., Althaus H.J., Doka G., Heck T., Hellweg S., et al. Overview and Methodology, ecoinvent report No. 1. Dűbendorf Swiss Centre Life Cycle Invent, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goedkoop M., Oele M., Leijting J., Ponsioen T., Meijer E. Introduction to LCA with SimaPro. Amersfoort PRé Consult 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goedkoop M., Oele M., Leijting J., Ponsioen T., Meijer E. Introduction to LCA with SimaPro. Amersfoort PRé Consult 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guinée J.B., Gorrée M., Heijungs R., Huppes G., Kleijn R., de Koning A., et al. Life cycle assessment e an operational guide to the ISO standards. Leiden: Centre of Environmental Science; 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guinée J.B., Gorrée M., Heijungs R., Huppes G., Kleijn R., de Koning A., et al. Life cycle assessment e an operational guide to the ISO standards. Leiden: Centre of Environmental Science; 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myhre G., Shindell D., Bréon F.M., Collins W., Fuglestvedt J., Huang J., et al. Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing. In: Stocker T.F., Qin D., Plattner G.K., Tignor M., Allen S.K., Boschung J., et al., editors. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis e contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013. p. 659–740.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myhre G., Shindell D., Bréon F.M., Collins W., Fuglestvedt J., Huang J., et al. Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing. In: Stocker T.F., Qin D., Plattner G.K., Tignor M., Allen S.K., Boschung J., et al., editors. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis e contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013. p. 659–740.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">VDI. VDI guideline 4600: cumulative energy demand (KEA) e terms, definitions, methods of calculation. Dűsseld Ver Dtsch Ingenieure 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">VDI. VDI guideline 4600: cumulative energy demand (KEA) e terms, definitions, methods of calculation. Dűsseld Ver Dtsch Ingenieure 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koroneos C., Dompros A., Roumbas G., Moussiopoulos N. Life cycle assessment of hydrogen fuel production processes. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2004;29:1443–50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koroneos C., Dompros A., Roumbas G., Moussiopoulos N. Life cycle assessment of hydrogen fuel production processes. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2004;29:1443–50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhandari R., Trudewind C.A., Zapp P. Life cycle assessment of hydrogen production via electrolysis e a review. J. Clean. Prod., 2014;85:151–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhandari R., Trudewind C.A., Zapp P. Life cycle assessment of hydrogen production via electrolysis e a review. J. Clean. Prod., 2014;85:151–63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terna Rete Italia National and regional energy balances in 2013. Available on: www.terna.it/default/Home/SISTEMA_ELETTRICO/statistiche.aspx [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terna Rete Italia National and regional energy balances in 2013. Available on: www.terna.it/default/Home/SISTEMA_ELETTRICO/statistiche.aspx [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chandra D., Reilly J.J., Chellappa R. Metal hydrides for vehicular applications: the state of the art. J. Min. Met. Mater. Soc., 2006;58:26–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chandra D., Reilly J.J., Chellappa R. Metal hydrides for vehicular applications: the state of the art. J. Min. Met. Mater. Soc., 2006;58:26–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hubbard W.N., Rawlins P.L., Connick P.A., Stedwell R.E., O'Hare P.A.G. The standard enthalpy of formation of LaNi5 – the enthalpies of hydriding of LaNi5–xAlx. J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1983;15:785–98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hubbard W.N., Rawlins P.L., Connick P.A., Stedwell R.E., O'Hare P.A.G. The standard enthalpy of formation of LaNi5 – the enthalpies of hydriding of LaNi5–xAlx. J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1983;15:785–98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delhomme B., Lanzini A., Ortigoza-Villalba G.A., Nachev S., de Rango P., Santarelli M., et al. Coupling and thermal integration of a solid oxide fuel cell with a magnesium hydride tank. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013;38:4740–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delhomme B., Lanzini A., Ortigoza-Villalba G.A., Nachev S., de Rango P., Santarelli M., et al. Coupling and thermal integration of a solid oxide fuel cell with a magnesium hydride tank. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013;38:4740–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cicconardi S.P., Jannelli E., Spazzafumo G. Hydrogen energy storage: hydrogen and oxygen storage subsystems. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1997;22:897–902.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cicconardi S.P., Jannelli E., Spazzafumo G. Hydrogen energy storage: hydrogen and oxygen storage subsystems. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1997;22:897–902.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller H.I., Murray J., Laury E., Reinhardt J., Goudy A.J. The hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of FeTi and Fe0.9TiMn0.1. J. Alloy Compd., 1995;231:670–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller H.I., Murray J., Laury E., Reinhardt J., Goudy A.J. The hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of FeTi and Fe0.9TiMn0.1. J. Alloy Compd., 1995;231:670–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lototskyy M.V., Yartys V.A., Pollet B.G., Bowman R.C. Metal hydride hydrogen compressors: a review. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2014;39:5818–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lototskyy M.V., Yartys V.A., Pollet B.G., Bowman R.C. Metal hydride hydrogen compressors: a review. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2014;39:5818–51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ballard. Distributed generation – ClearGen® 1 MW. Available on: www. ballard.com/files/PDF/Distributed_Generation/CLEARgen_Spec_Sheet.pdf [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ballard. Distributed generation – ClearGen® 1 MW. Available on: www. ballard.com/files/PDF/Distributed_Generation/CLEARgen_Spec_Sheet.pdf [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bizon N. Improving the PEMFC energy efficiency by optimizing the fueling rates based on extremum seeking algorithm. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2014;39:10641–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bizon N. Improving the PEMFC energy efficiency by optimizing the fueling rates based on extremum seeking algorithm. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2014;39:10641–54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Venturelli L., Santangelo P.E., Tartarini P. Fuel cell systems and traditional technologies e part II: experimental study on dynamic behavior of PEMFC in stationary power generation. Appl. Therm. Eng,. 2009;29:3469–75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Venturelli L., Santangelo P.E., Tartarini P. Fuel cell systems and traditional technologies e part II: experimental study on dynamic behavior of PEMFC in stationary power generation. Appl. Therm. Eng,. 2009;29:3469–75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pérez L.C., Rajala T., Ihonen J., Koski P., Sousa J.M., Mendes A. Development of a methodology to optimize the air bleed in PEMFC systems operating with low quality hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013;38:16286–99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pérez L.C., Rajala T., Ihonen J., Koski P., Sousa J.M., Mendes A. Development of a methodology to optimize the air bleed in PEMFC systems operating with low quality hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013;38:16286–99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu J., Jiang Z., Hou M., Liang D., Xiao Y., Dou M., et al. Analysis of the behavior and degradation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells with a dead-ended anode. J. Power Sources, 2014;246:90–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu J., Jiang Z., Hou M., Liang D., Xiao Y., Dou M., et al. Analysis of the behavior and degradation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells with a dead-ended anode. J. Power Sources, 2014;246:90–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gomez A., Raj A., Sasmito A.P., Shamim T. Effect of operating parameters on the transient performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack with a dead-end anode. Appl. Energy, 2014;130:692–701.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gomez A., Raj A., Sasmito A.P., Shamim T. Effect of operating parameters on the transient performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack with a dead-end anode. Appl. Energy, 2014;130:692–701.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Álvarez G., Alcaide F., Cabot P.L., Lázaro M.J., Pastor E., Solla- Gull_on J. Electrochemical performance of low temperature PEMFC with surface tailored carbon nanofibers as catalyst support. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2012;37:393–404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Álvarez G., Alcaide F., Cabot P.L., Lázaro M.J., Pastor E., Solla- Gull_on J. Electrochemical performance of low temperature PEMFC with surface tailored carbon nanofibers as catalyst support. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2012;37:393–404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen P., Zhu M. Recent progress in hydrogen storage. Mater. Today, 2008;11:36–43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen P., Zhu M. Recent progress in hydrogen storage. Mater. Today, 2008;11:36–43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Asano K., Yamazaki Y., Iijima Y. Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation behavior of LaNi5–xCox (x = 0, 0.25, 2) alloys studied by pressure differential scanning calorimetry. Mater. Trans., 2002;43:1095–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asano K., Yamazaki Y., Iijima Y. Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation behavior of LaNi5–xCox (x = 0, 0.25, 2) alloys studied by pressure differential scanning calorimetry. Mater. Trans., 2002;43:1095–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An X.H., Gu Q.F., Zhang J.Y., Chen S.L., Yu X.B., Li Q. Experimental investigation and thermodynamic reassessment ofof La–Ni and LaNi5–H systems. Calphad., 2013;40:48–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">An X.H., Gu Q.F., Zhang J.Y., Chen S.L., Yu X.B., Li Q. Experimental investigation and thermodynamic reassessment ofof La–Ni and LaNi5–H systems. Calphad., 2013;40:48–55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao Y.J., Freeman A.J. Accurate heat of formation for fully hydrided LaNi5 via the all-electron fullpotential linearized augmented plane wave approach. J. Appl. Phys., 2007:102. 033518/1–033518/5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao Y.J., Freeman A.J. Accurate heat of formation for fully hydrided LaNi5 via the all-electron fullpotential linearized augmented plane wave approach. J. Appl. Phys., 2007:102. 033518/1–033518/5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mellouli S., Dhaou H., Askri F., Jemni A., Ben Nasrallah S. Hydrogen storage in metal hydride tanks equipped with metal foam heat exchanger. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2009;34:9393–401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mellouli S., Dhaou H., Askri F., Jemni A., Ben Nasrallah S. Hydrogen storage in metal hydride tanks equipped with metal foam heat exchanger. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2009;34:9393–401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garraín D, Lechón Y. Exploratory environmental impact assessment of the manufacturing and disposal stages of a new PEM fuel cell. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2014;39:1769–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garraín D, Lechón Y. Exploratory environmental impact assessment of the manufacturing and disposal stages of a new PEM fuel cell. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2014;39:1769–74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity, Gas and Water. Gross electricity production by source. www.autorita.energia.it/it/dati/eem6.htm [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity, Gas and Water. Gross electricity production by source. www.autorita.energia.it/it/dati/eem6.htm [accessed 02.03.15].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gutiérrez-Martín F., García-De María J.M., Baïri A., Laraqi N. Management strategies for surplus electricity loads using electrolytic hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2009;34:8468–75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gutiérrez-Martín F., García-De María J.M., Baïri A., Laraqi N. Management strategies for surplus electricity loads using electrolytic hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2009;34:8468–75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martín-Gamboa M., Iribarren D., Dufour J. On the environmental suitability of high- and low-enthalpy geothermal systems. Geothermics, 2015;53:27–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martín-Gamboa M., Iribarren D., Dufour J. On the environmental suitability of high- and low-enthalpy geothermal systems. Geothermics, 2015;53:27–37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
