<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">alternative</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-8298</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15518/isjaee.2021.01.006</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">alternative-2012</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>VII. ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ. 17. Энергетика и экология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>VII. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY.17. Energy and Ecology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Evaluation of Istanbul Air Pollution in Combating COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evaluation of Istanbul Air Pollution in Combating COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Öztürk</surname><given-names>Büşra</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Öztürk</surname><given-names>Büşra</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Büşra Öztürk, студентка 4-го курса, отдел «Метеорологической инженерии»</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Büşra Öztürk, 4th year student, Department of Meteorological Engineering</p><p>34469, Maslak, Istanbul</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Çöl</surname><given-names>İpek</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Çöl</surname><given-names>İpek</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>İpek Çöl, студент, Департамент метеорологической инженерии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>İpek Çöl, Senior student, Department of Meteorological Engineering</p><p>34469, Maslak, Istanbul</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Öztürk</surname><given-names>Rahan</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Öztürk</surname><given-names>Rahan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Rahan Öztürk, окончил метеорологическую инженерную программу İTÜ. Студент магистратуры факультета науки об атмосфере</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rahan Öztürk, Graduated from Meteorological Engineering Program İTÜ. Atmospheric Science Master’s Student</p><p>34469, Maslak, Istanbul</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Dinç</surname><given-names>Umur</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dinç</surname><given-names>Umur</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Umur Dinç, аспирант 3-го курса, аспирантура научной инженерии и технологии, аспирантская программа в области атмосферных наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Umur Dinç, 3rd year Graduate Student, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Atmospheric Sciences Graduate Program</p><p>34469, Maslak, Istanbul</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Kara</surname><given-names>Yiğitalp</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kara</surname><given-names>Yiğitalp</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Yiğitalp Kara, студент 3-го курса бакалавриата, департамент метеорологической инженерии, отделение геологической инженерии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yiğitalp Kara, 3rd year Undergraduate student, Department of Meteorological Engineering and Department of Geological Engineering (Minor).</p><p>34469, Maslak, Istanbul</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ünal</surname><given-names>Zeynep Feriha</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ünal</surname><given-names>Zeynep Feriha</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Zeynep Feriha Ünal, аспирант 2-го года, аспирантура, научной инженерии и технологий, аспирантская программа в области атмосферных наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zeynep Feriha Ünal, 2nd year Graduate Student, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Atmospheric Sciences Graduate Program</p><p>34469, Maslak, Istanbul </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Toros</surname><given-names>Hüseyin</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Toros</surname><given-names>Hüseyin</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Hüseyin Toros, профессор, факультет метеорологии; Координатор программы в области атмосферных наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Hüseyin Toros, Professor, Department of meteorology; Atmospheric Science Programme Coordinator</p><p>34469, Maslak, Istanbul</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Aydın</surname><given-names>Ulubey</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ulubey</surname><given-names>Aydın</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Aydın Ulubey, профессор, факультет физики; завкафедрой «Физика твердых тел»</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aydın Ulubey, Professor, Department of Physics, Turkey; Head Chair “Solid State Physics”.</p><p>22030 Edirne</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Стамбульский технический университет</institution><country>Турция</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Meteorological Engineering</institution><country>Turkey</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тракийский университет Турции</institution><country>Турция</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Trakya University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics</institution><country>Turkey</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1-3</issue><fpage>91</fpage><lpage>101</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2012">https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2012</self-uri><abstract><p>.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>COVID-19 period changed daily-life such as precautions, restrictions and most importantly lockdowns in almost every country. Turkey has been one of the struggling countries especially the period after 15th of March, 2020. As many scientists from all over the world have been researching coronavirus’ medication, COVID-19’s possible relations have been also investigated. These relations are mostly focused on the respiratory system and immune system as well as human-to-human transmission. Air pollution is also known as a threatening factor for human life, furthermore China’s reduced air pollution is shown in the COPERNICUS Sentinel 5P and TERRA/MODIS AOD images during the lockdown process. In this study, it is aimed to analyze the air pollution in Istanbul while life in Turkey has almost stopped. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization’s PM10, PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2 and O3 pollutant datasets are taken into consideration as two different periods which represent the time before the lockdown from Jan 1st to March 15th as first period and during the lockdown from March 16th to May 31st as second period for Istanbul is analyzed. These periods are also examined for the same dates in 2018 and 2019. Results are important to find out how air pollution has decreased in Istanbul during coronavirus lockdown period, especially 40% decrease of NO2 pollutant in contrast with 2018 and 2019 dataset for the same period of the year in 2020.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Atmospheric Pollutants</kwd><kwd>Istanbul</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>Lockdown</kwd><kwd>NO2</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors are thankful to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality for providing pollutant data used in this study and sincerely grateful to the healthcare professionals for their devoted work during this period</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Q&amp;A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Q&amp;A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novelcoronavirus-2019/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. (2020). COVID-19 (Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı) Nedir? [What is COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus Disease)] Retrieved from: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. (2020). COVID-19 (Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı) Nedir? [What is COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus Disease)] Retrieved from: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogen, Y. (2020). Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality. Science of the Total Environment, 726, 138605. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138605</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogen, Y. (2020). Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality. Science of the Total Environment, 726, 138605. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138605</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilder-Smith, A., &amp; Freedman, D. O. (2020). Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2). doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilder-Smith, A., &amp; Freedman, D. O. (2020). Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2). doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2020). COVID-19: NASA Satellite Data Show Drop in Air Pollution Over U.S. Retrieved from: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/31142</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2020). COVID-19: NASA Satellite Data Show Drop in Air Pollution Over U.S. Retrieved from: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/31142</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Space Agency. (2020). Air pollution remains low as Europeans stay at home. Retrieved from: https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-5P/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Space Agency. (2020). Air pollution remains low as Europeans stay at home. Retrieved from: https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-5P/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Şahin, Ü A. (2020). The Effects of COVID-19 Measures on Air Pollutant Concentrations at Urban and Traffic Sites in Istanbul. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20(9), 1874-1885. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2020.05.0239</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Şahin, Ü A. (2020). The Effects of COVID-19 Measures on Air Pollutant Concentrations at Urban and Traffic Sites in Istanbul. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20(9), 1874-1885. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2020.05.0239</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aydın, S., Nakiyingi, B. A., Esmen, C., Güneysu, S., &amp; Ejjada, M. (2020). Environmental impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) from Turkish perceptive. Environment, Development and Sustainability. doi:10.1007/s10668-020-00933-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aydın, S., Nakiyingi, B. A., Esmen, C., Güneysu, S., &amp; Ejjada, M. (2020). Environmental impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) from Turkish perceptive. Environment, Development and Sustainability. doi:10.1007/s10668-020-00933-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu, Y., Xie, J., Huang, F., &amp; Cao, L. (2020). Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: Evidence from China. Science of The Total Environment, 727, 138704. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138704</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu, Y., Xie, J., Huang, F., &amp; Cao, L. (2020). Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: Evidence from China. Science of The Total Environment, 727, 138704. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138704</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK). (n.d.). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt İstatistikleri, Yıllara Göre İl Nüfusları [Population Register Statistics Based On Address, Province Populations by Years]. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1059</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK). (n.d.). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt İstatistikleri, Yıllara Göre İl Nüfusları [Population Register Statistics Based On Address, Province Populations by Years]. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1059</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Turkish State Meteorological Service (MGM). (n.d.). İklim Sınıflandırması İstanbul [Istanbul Climate Classification]. Retrieved from https://mgm.gov.tr/iklim/iklimsiniflandirmalari.aspx?m=ISTANBUL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Turkish State Meteorological Service (MGM). (n.d.). İklim Sınıflandırması İstanbul [Istanbul Climate Classification]. Retrieved from https://mgm.gov.tr/iklim/iklimsiniflandirmalari.aspx?m=ISTANBUL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Google Earth Pro V 7.3.3.7786. (December 14, 2015). Istanbul, Turkey. 41.089622°N, 28.917613°E, Eye alt 143 km. Basarsoft 2020. http://www.earth.google.com [October 4, 2020]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Google Earth Pro V 7.3.3.7786. (December 14, 2015). Istanbul, Turkey. 41.089622°N, 28.917613°E, Eye alt 143 km. Basarsoft 2020. http://www.earth.google.com [October 4, 2020]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization National Air Quality Monitoring Network (UHKİA). Sürekli İzleme Merkezi [Continuous Monitoring Center]. Retrieved from https://www.havaizleme.gov.tr/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization National Air Quality Monitoring Network (UHKİA). Sürekli İzleme Merkezi [Continuous Monitoring Center]. Retrieved from https://www.havaizleme.gov.tr/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.). National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Table. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqstable#:~:text=The%20Clean%20Air%20Act%2C%20which,national%20ambient%20air%20quality%20standards.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.). National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Table. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollu tants /naa qstable #:~:text=The%20Clean%20Air%20Act%2C%20which,n ational%20ambient%20air%20quality%20standards.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Turkish State Meteorological Service (MGM). (2020). 2020 Yılı Yaz Mevsimi Sıcaklıklarının Değerlendirmesi [Evaluation of Summer Temperature Values in 2020]. Retrieved from https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/sicaklikanalizi.aspx?s=m</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Turkish State Meteorological Service (MGM). (2020). 2020 Yılı Yaz Mevsimi Sıcaklıklarının Değerlendirmesi [Evaluation of Summer Temperature Values in 2020]. Retrieved from https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/sicaklikanalizi.aspx?s=m</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">NASA (2020). Airborne Nitrogen Dioxide Plummets Over China. Retrieved from https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NASA (2020). Airborne Nitrogen Dioxide Plummets Over China. Retrieved from https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
