<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">alternative</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-8298</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15518/isjaee.2021.04-06.082-092</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">alternative-2070</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>IV. ВОДОРОДНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА 12. Водородная экономика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>IV. HYDROGEN ECONOMY. 12. Hydrogen Economy</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Использование технологии химических циклов для производства водорода</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Using chemical looping technology to produce hydrogen</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябов</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabov</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рябов Георгий Александрович, член международного комитета по технологии циркулирующего кипящего слоя, член международного комитета по конверсии топлив в кипящем слое, член комитета по использованию кипящего слоя при международном энергетическом агентстве, эксперт международного энергетического агентства, член технического комитета по чистым угольным технологиям и секвестру CO2</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ryabov Georgy Aleksandrovich, Member of the International Committee on Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology, Member of the International Committee on Fluidized Bed Fuel Conversion, Member of the Fluidized Bed Committee at the International Energy Agency, expert of the International Energy Agency, Member of the Technical Committee on Clean Coal Technologies and CO2 sequestration</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">georgy.ryabov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский дважды ордена Трудового Красного Знамени теплотехнический научно-исследовательский институт (ОАО «ВТИ»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian twice Order of the Red Banner of Labor Thermal Engineering Research Institute (JSC "VTI")</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4-6</issue><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2070">https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2070</self-uri><abstract><p>Дан краткий анализ перспектив использования водорода и развития методов его получения. Показано, что стоимость водорода с низким углеродным следом по традиционной технологии парового риформинга (SMR) с улавливанием СО2 (CCS) будет оставаться на уровне 1-2 €/kg в период с 2019 по 2050. Стоимость водорода, полученного путем электролиза составляла 3- 7 €/kg в 2019 г, но в дальнейшем предполагается ее снижение. Считается, что к 2050 году обе технологии будут одинаково востребованы с небольшой разницей в затратах в зависимости от региональных условий. Водород, произведенный электролизом из энергии ветра, требует значительно большей площади (почти на 3 порядка), чем по технологии SMR из органических топлив. Выполнен обзор состояния разработок в области технологии химических циклов для производства водорода. Показано, что производство водорода с использованием технологии химического цикла вызывает все больший интерес в последние годы. В таких системах используются 3 связанных между собой реактора. Даны особенности и основные параметры таких систем применительно к использованию природного газа и угля. Технология парового риформинга в химических циклах (CLR) имеет значительный потенциал для коммерческого использования. Кроме того, это технология безвредна для окружающей среды, так как чистый поток CO2 готов к захоронению. Она обладает заметными преимуществами по сравнению с традиционными технологиями получения водорода путем риформинга природного газа. Одним из наиболее важных вопросов при использовании технологии химических циклов является гидродинамика связанных между собой реакторов. Даны некоторые результаты экспериментальных исследования в России, проведенных ОАО «ВТИ» на крупной аэродинамической установке. Намечено проведение исследований на огневой установке системы связанных между собой ректоров с реальной температурой процесса. Такие исследования позволят создать необходимый научный задел для передовых установок получения водорода из органических топлив без выбросов СО2.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A brief analysis of the prospects for the use of hydrogen and the development of methods for its production is given. It has been shown that the cost of low carbon footprint hydrogen with conventional steam reforming (SMR) with CO2 capture (CCS) will remain at € 1-2 / kg between 2019 and 2050. The cost of hydrogen obtained by electrolysis was 3-7 € / kg in 2019, but it is expected to decrease in the future. It is believed that by 2050 both technologies will be in equal demand with a slight difference in costs depending on regional conditions. Hydrogen produced by electrolysis from wind energy requires a much larger area (almost 3 orders of magnitude) than using SMR technology from fossil fuels. The state of the art in chemical looping technology has been reviewed for hydrogen production. It has been shown that the production of hydrogen using the chemical looping technology has attracted more and more interest in recent years. Such systems use 3 interconnected reactors. Features and main parameters of such systems are given in relation to the use of natural gas and coal. Chemical Looping Reforming (CLR) technology has significant potential for commercial use. In addition, this technology is environmentally friendly, as the clean CO2 stream is ready for disposal. It has significant advantages over traditional technologies for producing hydrogen by reforming natural gas. One of the most important issues in the use of chemical looping technology is the hydrodynamics of interconnected reactors. Some results of experimental research in Russia carried out by JSC "VTI" on a large aerodynamic test rig are given. It is planned to conduct research at the firing model of a system of interconnected reactors with a real temperature of the process. Such research will create the necessary scientific groundwork for advanced installations for hydrogen producing from fossil fuels without CO2 emissions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>получение водорода</kwd><kwd>углеродный след</kwd><kwd>паровой реформинг</kwd><kwd>химические циклы</kwd><kwd>улавливание СО2</kwd><kwd>кипящий слой</kwd><kwd>гидродинамика связанных между собой реакторов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hydrogen production</kwd><kwd>carbon footprint</kwd><kwd>steam reforming</kwd><kwd>chemical looping</kwd><kwd>CO2 capture</kwd><kwd>fluidized bed</kwd><kwd>hydrodynamics of interconnected reactors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IEA (2020a). Energy Technology Perspectives 2020. Paris: International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">IEA (2020a). Energy Technology Perspectives 2020. Paris: International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IEA (2020b). Energy Technology Perspectives 2020. Special Report on Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage. CCUS in clean energy transitions. Paris: International Energy Agency. https://webstore.iea.org/ccusin-clean-energy-transitions.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">IEA (2020b). Energy Technology Perspectives 2020. Special Report on Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage. CCUS in clean energy transitions. Paris: International Energy Agency. https://webstore.iea.org/ccusin-clean-energy-transitions.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hydrogen Council (2017). Hydrogen scaling up. A sustainable parthway for the global energy transition. http://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Hydrogen-scaling-up-Hydrogen-Council.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hydrogen Council (2017). Hydrogen scaling up. A sustainable parthway for the global energy transition. http://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Hydrogen-scaling-up-Hydrogen-Council.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ETC (2018b). Mission Possible. Reaching net-zero carbon emissions from harder-to-abate sectors by midcentury. http://www.energy-transitions.org/sites/default/files/ETC_MissionPossible_FullReport.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ETC (2018b). Mission Possible. Reaching net-zero carbon emissions from harder-to-abate sectors by midcentury. http://www.energy-transitions.org/sites/default/files/ETC_MissionPossible_FullReport.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DNVGL (2018). Hydrogen as an energy carrier. An evaluation of emerging hydrogen value chains. https://www.dnvgl.com/oilgas/download/hydrogen-as-an-energy-carrier.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DNVGL (2018). Hydrogen as an energy carrier. An evaluation of emerging hydrogen value chains. https://www.dnvgl.com/oilgas/download/hydrogen-as-an-energy-carrier.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ZEP (2021). The crucial role of low- carbon hydrogen production to achieve Europe’s climate ambition: A technical assessment. https://zeroemissionsplatform.eu/wp-content/uploads/The-crucial-role-of-low-carbon-hydrogen-production-to-achieve-Europes-climate-ambition-ZEP-report-January-2021.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ZEP (2021). The crucial role of low- carbon hydrogen production to achieve Europe’s climate ambition: A technical assessment. https://zeroemissionsplatform.eu/wp-content/uploads/The-crucial-role-of-low-carbon-hydrogen-production-to-achieve-Europes-climate-ambition-ZEP-report-January-2021.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Конопляник, A. Корпоративный журнал «Газпром», № 9, 30 сентября 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konoplyanik, A. Korporativnyi zhurnal «Gazprom», № 9, 30 sentyabrya 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аксютин, О. Метан, водород, углерод: новые рынки, новые возможности [Текст] / О. Аксютин, А. Ишков, К. Романов, Р. Тетеревлев, //«НЕФТЕГАЗОВАЯ ВЕРТИКАЛЬ» №1-2/2021. С. 40 – 47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aksyutin, O. Metan, vodorod, uglerod: novye rynki, novye vozmozhnosti [Tekst] / O. Aksyutin, A. Ishkov, K. Romanov, R. Teterevlev, //«NEFTEGAZOVAYA VERTIKAL'» №1-2/2021. S. 40 – 47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рябов, Г. А. Сепарация СО 2 с использованием химических циклов сжигания и газификации топлив [Текст] / Г. А. Рябов, О. М. Фоломеев, Д. С Литун, Д.А. Санкин // Теплоэнергетика. – 2009. – № 6. – С. 39 – 49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryabov, G. A. Separatsiya СO 2 s ispol'zovaniem khimicheskikh tsiklov szhiganiya i gazifikatsii topliv [Tekst] / G. A. Ryabov, O. M. Folomeev, D. S Litun, D.A. Sankin // Teploehnergetika. – 2009. – № 6. – S. 39 – 49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo, M. Review of hydrogen production using chemical-looping technology [Text] /M. Luo, Y. Yia, S. Wang, Z. Wang, M. Du, J. Pan, Q. Wang //Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Volume 81, Part 2, January 2018, Pages 3186-3214 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo, M. Review of hydrogen production using chemical-looping technology [Text] /M. Luo, Y. Yia, S. Wang, Z. Wang, M. Du, J. Pan, Q. Wang //Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Volume 81, Part 2, January 2018, Pages 3186-3214 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fan, L.-S. Chemical looping gasification [Text] / L.-S. Fan, F. Li, L. G. Valazquer-Vargas, S. Ramkumar // Proc. of the 9 th In. Conf. of CFB, 2008 May, 13−16. Germany, Hamburg, 2008. − P. 801−806.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fan, L.-S. Chemical looping gasification [Text] / L.-S. Fan, F. Li, L. G. Valazquer-Vargas, S. Ramkumar // Proc. of the 9th In. Conf. of CFB, 2008 May, 13-16. Germany, Hamburg, 2008. - P. 801-806.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiron, F. X. Hydrogen production through chemical looping using NiO/NiAl2O4 as oxygen carrier [Text] / F. X. Chiron, G. S. Patience, S. Rifflart // Chemical Engineering Science Volume 66, Issue 24, 15 December 2011, P. 6324-6330.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiron, F. X. Hydrogen production through chemical looping using NiO/NiAl2 O 4 as oxygen carrier [Text] / F. X. Chiron, G. S. Patience, S. Rifflart // Chemical Engineering Science Volume 66, Issue 24, 15 December 2011, P. 6324-6330.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tang, M. Progress in oxygen carrier development of methane-based chemical-looping reforming: A review [Text] / M. Tang, L. Xu, M. Fan // Applied Energy 151 (2015) 143–156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tang, M. Progress in oxygen carrier development of methane-based chemical-looping reforming: A review [Text] / M. Tang, L. Xu, M. Fan // Applied Energy 151 (2015) 143–156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiesaa, P. Three-reactors chemical looping process for hydrogen production [Text] /Paolo Chiesaa,, Giovanni Lozzaa, Alberto Malandrinob // INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY 33 (2008) 2233 – 2245. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.02.032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiesaa, P. Three-reactors chemical looping process for hydrogen production [Text] /Paolo Chiesaa,, Giovanni Lozzaa, Alberto Malandrinob // INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY 33 (2008) 2233 – 2245. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.02.032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang, Z. Exergy analysis of methane cracking thermally coupled with chemical looping combustion for hydrogen production [Text] / Zhe Wang, Weiyu Fan, Guangqing Zhang, Shuang Dong // Applied Energy 168 (2016) 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.076.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang, Z. Exergy analysis of methane cracking thermally coupled with chemical looping combustion for hydrogen production [Text] / Zhe Wang, Weiyu Fan, Guangqing Zhang, Shuang Dong // Applied Energy 168 (2016) 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.076.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan, M. N. Techno-economic assessment of a plant based on a three reactor chemical looping reforming system [Text] / M. N. Khan, T. Shamim // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Volume 41, Issue 48, 28 December 2016, P. 22677-22688 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.09.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan, M. N. Techno-economic assessment of a plant based on a three reactor chemical looping reforming system [Text] / M. N. Khan, T. Shamim // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Volume 41, Issue 48, 28 December 2016, P. 22677-22688 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.09.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spath P, Aden A, Eggeman T, Ringer M, Wallace B, Jechura J. Biomass to hydrogen production detailed design and economics utilizing the BCL indirectly heated gasifier. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report TP- 510-37408. 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spath P, Aden A, Eggeman T, Ringer M, Wallace B, Jechura J. Biomass to hydrogen production detailed design and economics utilizing the BCL indirectly heated gasifier. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report TP- 510-37408. 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anonymous. Levelized cost and levelized avoided cost of new generation resources in the annual energy outlook 2014. US Energy Information Administration; 2014 Apr.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anonymous. Levelized cost and levelized avoided cost of new generation resources in the annual energy outlook 2014. US Energy Information Administration; 2014 Apr.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shaner MR, Atwater HA, Lewis NS, McFarland EW. A comparative techno-economic analysis of renewable hydrogen production using solar energy. Energy Environ Sci 2016;9:2354e71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaner MR, Atwater HA, Lewis NS, McFarland EW. A comparative techno-economic analysis of renewable hydrogen production using solar energy. Energy Environ Sci 2016;9:2354e71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">G. Ryabov, O Folomeev, I. Dolgushin The investigation of mass flux profile and separation of binary mixture of ash and metal oxide for chemical looping combustion of solid fuels. Proc of 23-rd Int. Conf. on FBC, Seoul, Korea, May 13-17, 2018, pp 468-476.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. G. Ryabov, O Folomeev, I. Dolgushin The inves-tigation of mass flux profile and separation of binary mixture of ash and metal oxide for chemical looping combustion of solid fuels. Proc of 23-rd Int. Conf. on FBC, Seoul, Korea, May 13-17, 2018, pp 468-476.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">G. Ryabov, D. Sankin, O. Folomeev, I. Dolgushin, The Investigation of fluidization of solids mixture with different particles density, Proc. of CFB12, May 24-26, 2017, Krakow, Poland, pp 179 – 186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">G. Ryabov, D. Sankin, O. Folomeev, I. Dolgushin, The Investigation of fluidization of solids mixture with different particles density, Proc. of CFB12, May 24-26, 2017, Krakow, Poland, pp 179 – 186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
