alternativeАльтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)1608-8298Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс10.15518/isjaee.2023.02.064-081alternative-2196Research ArticleIV. ВОДОРОДНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА 12. Водородная экономикаIV. HYDROGEN ECONOMY. 12. Hydrogen EconomyМоделирование процесса газификации эффлюента темновой ферментации в газогенераторе с нисходящим потокомModeling of air gasification from dark fermentation effluent in a downdraft gasifierhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8329-1808ЕрмолаевД. В.ErmolaevD. V.

Ермолаев Денис Васильевич - кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории энергетических систем и технологий.

420111, Казань, ул. Лобачевского, д. 2/31, а/я 260

Researcher ID: E-9858-2017, Scopus Author ID: 55232290400

Denis V. Ermolaev - PhD, Leading Researcher, laboratory of Energy Systems and Technologies.

420111, Kazan, st. Lobachevsky, 2/31, PO Box 190

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9275-332XКараеваЮ. В.KaraevaJ. V.

Караева Юлия Викторовна - кандидат технических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории энергетических систем и технологий.

420111, Казань, ул. Лобачевского, д. 2/31, а/я 260

Researcher ID: F-6917-2017, Scopus Author ID: 56856782800

Julia V. Karaeva - Leading Researcher, laboratory of Energy Systems and Technologies, PhD, Institute of Power Engineering and Advanced Technologies, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences.

420111, Kazan, st. Lobachevsky, 2/31, PO Box 190

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4168-2442ТимофееваС. С.TimofeevaS. S.

Тимофеева Светлана Сергеевна - кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории энергетических систем и технологий.

420111, Казань, ул. Лобачевского, д. 2/31, а/я 260

Researcher ID: AAZ-5531-2020, Scopus Author ID: 56711352400

Svetlana S. Timofeeva - Senior Researcher, laboratory of Energy Systems and Technologies, PhD, Institute of Power Engineering and Advanced Technologies, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences.

420111, Kazan, st. Lobachevsky, 2/31, PO Box 190

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1983-3454КовалевА. A.KovalevA. A.

Ковалев Андрей Александрович - кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории биоэнергетических и сверхкритических технологий.

109428, Москва, 1-й Институтский проезд, д. 5

Researcher ID: F-7045-2017, Scopus Author ID: 57205285134

Andrey A. Kovalev - senior researcher of the laboratory of bioenergy and supercritical technologies, PhD, Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM.

109428, Moscow, 1st Institutskiy Proezd, Building 5

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3603-3686КовалевД. А.KovalevD. A.

Ковалев Дмитрий Александрович - кандидат технических наук, заведующий лабораторией биоэнергетических технологий.

109428, Москва, 1-й Институтский проезд, д. 5

Researcher ID: K-4810-2015

Dmitry A. Kovalev - PhD, head of the laboratory of bioenergy and supercritical technologies.

109428, Moscow, 1st Institutskiy Proezd, Building 5

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5457-4603ЛиттиЮ. В.LittiYu. V.

Литти Юрий Владимирович - кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией микробиологии антропогенных мест обитания.

119071, Москва, Ленинский проспект, д.33, стр. 2

Researcher ID: C-4945-2014, Scopus Author ID: 55251689800

Yuriy V. Litti - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Head of Laboratory of Microbiology of Anthropogenic Habitats.

119071, Moscow, Leninsky Prospekt, 33, building 2

Институт энергетики и перспективных технологий ФИЦ Казанский научный центр РАНРоссияInstitute of Power Engineering and Advanced Technologies, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationФедеральный научный агроинженерный центр ВИМРоссияFederal Scientific Agroengeneering Сenter VIMRussian FederationФИЦ Биотехнологии РАНРоссияFederal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202328032023026481Copyright © Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 20232023Международный издательский дом научной периодики "СпейсМеждународный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейсhttps://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2196

В работе представлены результаты исследования численного моделирования процесса газификации в газогенераторе с нисходящим потоком для получения синтез - газа с высоким содержанием водорода. Впервые исследована возможность применения эффлюента темновой ферментации в качестве сырья для термохимической конверсии с использованием в качестве окислителя - воздуха в соотношениях окислитель/топливо 0,45, 0,55 и 0,65. Моделирование процесса газификации осуществлялось в программном комплексе Comsol Multiphysics. В результате численных исследований были получены значения концентраций основных компонентов синтез - газа. Выход синтез - газа при воздушной газификации составил 1,8 м3/кг сухого вещества. При этом теплота сгорания генерируемого газа варьируется от 3,1 до 3,9 МДж/м3 при молярном отношении водорода к углекислому газу, находящемся в диапазоне от 3,1 до 3,9. Максимальный удельный вес водорода в составе синтез - газа, равный 26,94 %, достигается при соотношении окислитель/топливо, равном 0,45. Эффективность получения водорода варьируется в диапазоне от 23,8 до 27,3 %. Тепловая мощность, которую можно получить из синтез – газа, соответствует 47 – 59 кВт. Эффективность преобразования углерода составляет 23,6 – 28,8 %. На основании конструкционного расчета были получены основные геометрические параметры газогенератора с нисходящим потоком. Газогенератор предназначен для получения синтез - газов из эффлюентов анаэробной ферментации. Получение требуемых значений концентраций необходимых компонентов газа будет осуществляться путем варьирования расхода газифицирующего агента, а также комбинирования соотношений окислитель/топливо. Данное исследование позволит расширить знания в области комплексных технологий получения водорода из органических отходов, сочетающих биологические и термохимические методы.

The paper presents the results of numerical simulation of the gasification process in a downdraft gasifier to produce syngas with high hydrogen content. For the first time the possibility of using dark fermentation digestate as a feedstock for thermochemical conversion using air as an oxidizer at equivalence ratio ER of 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65 was investigated. Modeling of the gasification process was carried out in the software package Comsol Multiphysics. As a result of numerical studies, the concentrations of the main components of the syngas were obtained. The syngas yield at air gasification was 1.8 m3/kg. At the same time the combustion heat of the generated gas varies from 3.1 to 3.9 MJ/m3 with the molar ratio MR being in the range from 3.1 to 3.9. The maximum specific gravity of hydrogen in the composition of syngas, equal to 26.94%, is achieved at ER = 0.45. The hydrogen production efficiency HPE ranges from 23.8 to 27.3 %. The thermal power that can be obtained from the syngas corresponds to 47 to 59 kW. Carbon conversion efficiency CCE is 23.6 - 28.8 %. The basic geometric parameters of downdraft gasifier were obtained based on the design calculation. The apparatus is designed to produce syngas from digestates of anaerobic fermentation. Obtaining the required concentrations of the necessary gas components will be done by varying the flow rate of the gasifying agent as well as by combining the ER. This study will increase knowledge in the field of complex technologies combining biological and thermochemical methods.

воздушная газификациягазогенератор с нисходящим потокомэффлюенттемновая ферментацияводородсинтез-газair gasificationdownflow gas generatoreffluentdark fermentationhydrogensynthesis gasReferencesKevin C., Abdoulaye D., Faisal K. Review and analysis of the hydrogen production technologies from a safety perspective // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022, Vol. 47, Is. 29, 13990-14007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.127.Kevin C., Abdoulaye D., Faisal K. Review and analysis of the hydrogen production technologies from a safety perspective // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022, Vol. 47, Is. 29, 13990-14007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.127.Karaeva J.V., Khalitova G.R., Kovalev D.A., Trakhunova I.A. Study of the Process of Hydraulic Mixing in Anaerobic Digester of Biogas Plant // Chemical and Process Engineering. 2015, 36, 1, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2015-0008.Karaeva J.V., Khalitova G.R., Kovalev D.A., Trakhunova I.A. Study of the Process of Hydraulic Mixing in Anaerobic Digester of Biogas Plant // Chemical and Process Engineering. 2015, 36, 1, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2015-0008.Karaeva J.V., Timofeeva S.S., Kovalev A.A., Kovalev D.A., Gilfanov M.F., Grigoriev V.S. Y.V. Litti. CO-PYROLYSIS of agricultural waste and estimation of the applicability of pyrolysis in the integrated technology of biorenewable hydrogen production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022, 47, 23, 11787-11798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.057.Karaeva J.V., Timofeeva S.S., Kovalev A.A., Kovalev D.A., Gilfanov M.F., Grigoriev V.S. Y.V. Litti. CO-PYROLYSIS of agricultural waste and estimation of the applicability of pyrolysis in the integrated technology of biorenewable hydrogen production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022, 47, 23, 11787-11798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.057.Karaeva J.V., Timofeeva S.S., Islamova S.I., Gerasimov A.V. Pyrolysis kinetics of new bioenergy feedstock from anaerobic digestate of agro-waste by thermogravimetric analysis // Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2022, 10, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107850.Karaeva J.V., Timofeeva S.S., Islamova S.I., Gerasimov A.V. Pyrolysis kinetics of new bioenergy feedstock from anaerobic digestate of agro-waste by thermogravimetric analysis // Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2022, 10, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107850.Karaeva, J.V., Timofeeva, S.S., Bashkirov, V.N. et al. Thermochemical processing of digestate from biogas plant for recycling dairy manure and biomass // Biomass Conv. Bioref. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01138-6Karaeva, J.V., Timofeeva, S.S., Bashkirov, V.N. et al. Thermochemical processing of digestate from biogas plant for recycling dairy manure and biomass // Biomass Conv. Bioref. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01138-6Jian-Xin G., Xianchun T., Kaiwei Z., Baihe G. Integrated management of mixed biomass for hydrogen production from gasification // Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2022, Vol.179, 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2022.01.012.Jian-Xin G., Xianchun T., Kaiwei Z., Baihe G. Integrated management of mixed biomass for hydrogen production from gasification // Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2022, Vol.179, 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2022.01.012.Watso J., Zhang Y., Si B., Chen W.T., de Souza R. Gasification of biowaste: a critical review and out-looks // Renew. Sustain. Energy. 2018, 83, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.003.Watso J., Zhang Y., Si B., Chen W.T., de Souza R. Gasification of biowaste: a critical review and out-looks // Renew. Sustain. Energy. 2018, 83, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.003.Shahin M., Hossein D., Mohammad S., Haji H., Omid P. A comprehensive experimental and modeling investigation of walnut shell gasification process in a pilot-scale downdraft gasifier integrated with an internal combustion engine // Energy Conversion and Management. 2021, Vol. 231, 113836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.113836.Shahin M., Hossein D., Mohammad S., Haji H., Omid P. A comprehensive experimental and modeling investigation of walnut shell gasification process in a pilot-scale downdraft gasifier integrated with an internal combustion engine // Energy Conversion and Management. 2021, Vol. 231, 113836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.113836.Tezer O., Karabağ N., Öngen A., Çolpan C.Ö., Ayol A. Biomass gasification for sustainable energy production: A review // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022, Vol. 47, Is.34, 15419-15433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.158.Tezer O., Karabağ N., Öngen A., Çolpan C.Ö., Ayol A. Biomass gasification for sustainable energy production: A review // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022, Vol. 47, Is.34, 15419-15433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.158.Ghorbani S., Atashkari K., Borji M. Three-stage modelling and parametric analysis of a downdraft biomass gasifier // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022, Vol.47, Is.33, 14799-14822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.012.Ghorbani S., Atashkari K., Borji M. Three-stage modelling and parametric analysis of a downdraft biomass gasifier // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022, Vol.47, Is.33, 14799-14822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.012.Timofeeva S.S., Karaeva J.V., Kovalev A.A., Kovalev D.A., Litti Yu.V. Steam gasification of digestate after anaerobic digestion and dark fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass to produce syngas with high hydrogen content // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.11.260Timofeeva S.S., Karaeva J.V., Kovalev A.A., Kovalev D.A., Litti Yu.V. Steam gasification of digestate after anaerobic digestion and dark fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass to produce syngas with high hydrogen content // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.11.260Faraji M., Saidi M. Process simulation and optimization of groundnut shell biomass air gasification for hydrogen-enriched syngas production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022, Vol.47, Is. 28, 13579-13591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.105.Faraji M., Saidi M. Process simulation and optimization of groundnut shell biomass air gasification for hydrogen-enriched syngas production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022, Vol.47, Is. 28, 13579-13591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.105.Barzee T.J., Edalati A., El-Mashad H., Wang D., Kate S., Zhang R. Digestate Biofertilizers Support Similar or Higher Tomato Yields and Quality Than Mineral Fertilizer in a Subsurface Drip Fertigation System // Sec. Waste Management in Agroecosystems. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00058.Barzee T.J., Edalati A., El-Mashad H., Wang D., Kate S., Zhang R. Digestate Biofertilizers Support Similar or Higher Tomato Yields and Quality Than Mineral Fertilizer in a Subsurface Drip Fertigation System // Sec. Waste Management in Agroecosystems. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00058.Ting Z.J., Raheem A., Dastyar W., Yang H., Dong W., Yuan H., Li X., Wang W., Zhang R., Zhao M. Alkaline pyrolysis of anaerobic digestion residue with selective hydrogen production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, Vol. 45, Is. 41, 20933-20943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.278.Ting Z.J., Raheem A., Dastyar W., Yang H., Dong W., Yuan H., Li X., Wang W., Zhang R., Zhao M. Alkaline pyrolysis of anaerobic digestion residue with selective hydrogen production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, Vol. 45, Is. 41, 20933-20943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.278.Macrì D., Catizzone E., Molino A., Migliori M. Supercritical water gasification of biomass and agrofood residues: Energy assessment from modelling approach // Renewable Energy. 2020, Vol. 150, 624-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.147.Macrì D., Catizzone E., Molino A., Migliori M. Supercritical water gasification of biomass and agrofood residues: Energy assessment from modelling approach // Renewable Energy. 2020, Vol. 150, 624-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.147.Zhang J., Cui Y., Zhang T., Hu Q., Tong Y.W., He Y., Dai Y., Wang C.-H., Peng Y. Food waste treating by biochar-assisted high-solid anaerobic digestion coupled with steam gasification: Enhanced bioenergy generation and porous biochar production // Bioresource Technology. 2021, Vol. 331, 125051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125051.Zhang J., Cui Y., Zhang T., Hu Q., Tong Y.W., He Y., Dai Y., Wang C.-H., Peng Y. Food waste treating by biochar-assisted high-solid anaerobic digestion coupled with steam gasification: Enhanced bioenergy generation and porous biochar production // Bioresource Technology. 2021, Vol. 331, 125051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125051.Freda, C., Nanna, F., Villone, A. et al. Air gasification of digestate and its co-gasification with residual biomass in a pilot scale rotary kiln // Int J Energy Environ Eng. 2019, 10, 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-019-0310-3.Freda, C., Nanna, F., Villone, A. et al. Air gasification of digestate and its co-gasification with residual biomass in a pilot scale rotary kiln // Int J Energy Environ Eng. 2019, 10, 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-019-0310-3.Wiśniewski D., Siudak M., Piechocki J. Small-Scale Energy Use of Agricultural Biogas Plant Wastes by Gasification. 2017. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71700.Wiśniewski D., Siudak M., Piechocki J. Small-Scale Energy Use of Agricultural Biogas Plant Wastes by Gasification. 2017. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71700.Guo X., Cheng Z., Yan B., Dan Z., Ma W. Air gasification of biogas-derived digestate in a downdraft fixed bed gasifier // Waste Management. 2017, Vol. 69, 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.001.Guo X., Cheng Z., Yan B., Dan Z., Ma W. Air gasification of biogas-derived digestate in a downdraft fixed bed gasifier // Waste Management. 2017, Vol. 69, 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.001.Antoniou N., Monlau F., Sambusiti C., Ficara E., Barakat A., Zabaniotou A. Contribution to Circular Economy options of mixed agricultural wastes management: Coupling anaerobic digestion with gasification for enhanced energy and material recovery // Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019, Vol. 209, 505-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.055.Antoniou N., Monlau F., Sambusiti C., Ficara E., Barakat A., Zabaniotou A. Contribution to Circular Economy options of mixed agricultural wastes management: Coupling anaerobic digestion with gasification for enhanced energy and material recovery // Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019, Vol. 209, 505-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.055.Xiang X., Gong G., Wang C., Cai N., Zhou X., Li Y. Exergy analysis of updraft and downdraft fixed bed gasification of village-level solid waste // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, Vol. 46, Is.1, 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.247.Xiang X., Gong G., Wang C., Cai N., Zhou X., Li Y. Exergy analysis of updraft and downdraft fixed bed gasification of village-level solid waste // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, Vol. 46, Is.1, 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.247.Ramalingam S., Rajendiran B., Subramiyan S. Recent advances in the performance of Co-Current gasification technology: A review // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, Vol. 45, Is. 1, 230-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.185.Ramalingam S., Rajendiran B., Subramiyan S. Recent advances in the performance of Co-Current gasification technology: A review // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, Vol. 45, Is. 1, 230-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.185.Martínez J.D., Mahkamov K., Andrade R.V., Lora E.E.S. Syngas production in downdraft biomass gasifiers and its application using internal combustion engines // Renewable Energy. 2012, Vol. 38, Is. 1, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.07.035.Martínez J.D., Mahkamov K., Andrade R.V., Lora E.E.S. Syngas production in downdraft biomass gasifiers and its application using internal combustion engines // Renewable Energy. 2012, Vol. 38, Is. 1, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.07.035.Chen G., Liu F., Guo X., Zhang Y., Yan B., Cheng Z., Xiao L., Ma W., Hou L.Co-gasification of Acid Hydrolysis Residues and Sewage Sludge in a Downdraft Fixed Gasifier with CaO as an In-Bed Additive // Energy Fuels. 2018, 32, 5, 5893–5900. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03960.Chen G., Liu F., Guo X., Zhang Y., Yan B., Cheng Z., Xiao L., Ma W., Hou L.Co-gasification of Acid Hydrolysis Residues and Sewage Sludge in a Downdraft Fixed Gasifier with CaO as an In-Bed Additive // Energy Fuels. 2018, 32, 5, 5893–5900. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03960.Havilah P.R., Sharma A.K., Govindasamy G., Matsakas L., Patel A. Biomass Gasification in Downdraft Gasifiers: A Technical Review on Production, Up-Gradation and Application of Synthesis Gas // Energies. 2022, 15, 3938. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113938.Havilah P.R., Sharma A.K., Govindasamy G., Matsakas L., Patel A. Biomass Gasification in Downdraft Gasifiers: A Technical Review on Production, Up-Gradation and Application of Synthesis Gas // Energies. 2022, 15, 3938. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113938.Ковалев А.А. Энергетический анализ системы двухстадийной анаэробной переработки жидких органических отходов с получением водород - и метансодержащих биогазов // Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE). 2020, 25-27, 95-106. https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2020.09.009.Kovalev A.A. Ehnergeticheskii analiz sistemy dvukhstadiinoi anaehrobnoi pererabotki zhidkikh organicheskikh otkhodov s polucheniem vodorod - i metansoderzhashchikh biogazov // Al'ternativnaya ehnergetika i ehkologiya (ISJAEE). 2020, 25-27, 95-106. https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2020.09.009.Ковалев А.А., Ковалев Д.А., Литти Ю.В., Катраева И.В. Производство биоводорода в двухстадийном процессе анаэробной биоконверсии органического вещества жидких органических отходов с рециркуляцией эффлюента метантенка // Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE). 2020, 7-18, 87-100. https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2020.07-18.87-100.Kovalev A.A., Kovalev D.A., Litti YU.V., Katraeva I.V. Proizvodstvo biovodoroda v dvukhsta-diinom protsesse anaehrobnoi biokonversii organicheskogo veshchestva zhidkikh organicheskikh otkhodov s retsirkulyatsiei ehfflyuenta metantenka // Al'ternativnaya ehnergetika i ehkologiya (ISJAEE). 2020, 7-18, 87-100. https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2020.07-18.87-100.Kovalev A. A., Kovalev D. A., Zhuravleva E. A., Katraeva I. V., Panchenko V.., Fiore U., Litti Y.V. Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion with Direct Electric Stimulation of Methanogenesis: The Effect of a Physical Barrier to Retain Biomass on the Surface of a Carbon Cloth-Based Biocathode // Renewable Energy. 2022, 181, 966–977. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.09.097.Kovalev A. A., Kovalev D. A., Zhuravleva E. A., Katraeva I. V., Panchenko V., Fiore U., Litti Y.V. Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion with Direct Electric Stimulation of Methanogenesis: The Effect of a Physical Barrier to Retain Biomass on the Surface of a Carbon Cloth-Based Biocathode // Renewable Energy. 2022, 181, 966–977. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.09.097.Ковалев А.А., Ковалев Д.А., Литти Ю.В., Катраева И.В., Ножевникова А.Н. Влияние коэффициента рециркуляции эффлюента метантенка на выход биоводорода в двухстадийном процессе анаэробной биоконверсии жидких органических отходов // Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE). 2021, 01-03, 34-46. https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2021.01.003.Kovalev A.A., Kovalev D.A., Litti YU.V., Katraeva I.V., Nozhevnikova A.N. Vliyanie koehffi-tsienta retsirkulyatsii ehfflyuenta metantenka na vy-khod biovodoroda v dvukhstadiinom protsesse anaeh-robnoi biokonversii zhidkikh organicheskikh otkhodov // Al'ternativnaya ehnergetika i ehkologiya (ISJAEE). 2021, 01-03, 34-46. https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2021.01.003.Kovalev A.A., Kovalev D.A., Nozhevnikova A.N., Zhuravleva E.A., Katraeva I.V., Grigoriev V.S., Litti Y.V. Effect of Low Digestate Recirculation Ratio on Biofuel and Bioenergy Recovery in a Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion Process // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021, 46 (80), 39688–39699. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.239.Kovalev A.A., Kovalev D.A., Nozhevnikova A.N., Zhuravleva E.A., Katraeva I.V., Grigoriev V.S., Litti Y.V. Effect of Low Digestate Recirculation Ratio on Biofuel and Bioenergy Recovery in a Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion Process // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021, 46 (80), 39688–39699. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.239.Kovalev A.A., Kovalev D.A., Litti Y.V.; Katraeva I.V. Biohydrogen Production in the Two-Stage Process of Anaerobic Bioconversion of Organic Matter of Liquid Organic Waste with Recirculation of Digister Effluent // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.124.Kovalev A.A., Kovalev D.A., Litti Y.V.; Katraeva I.V. Biohydrogen Production in the Two-Stage Process of Anaerobic Bioconversion of Organic Matter of Liquid Organic Waste with Recirculation of Digister Effluent // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.124.Kovalev A. A. Energy Analysis of the System of Two-Stage Anaerobic Processing of Liquid Organic Waste with Production of Hydrogen- and Methane-Containing Biogases // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021, 46 (63), 31995–32002. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.187.Kovalev A. A. Energy Analysis of the System of Two-Stage Anaerobic Processing of Liquid Organic Waste with Production of Hydrogen- and Methane-Containing Biogases // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021, 46 (63), 31995–32002. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.187.Barisano D., Freda C., Nanna F., Fanelli E., Villone A. Biomass gasification and in-bed contaminants removal: performance of iron enriched olivine and bauxite in a process of steam/O2 gasification // Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 118, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.011.Barisano D., Freda C., Nanna F., Fanelli E., Villone A. Biomass gasification and in-bed contaminants removal: performance of iron enriched olivine and bauxite in a process of steam/O2 gasification // Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 118, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.011.Patra T.K., Sheth P.N. Biomass gasification models for downdraft gasifier: A state-of-the-art review // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015, Vol. 50, 583-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.012.Patra T.K., Sheth P.N. Biomass gasification mod-els for downdraft gasifier: A state-of-the-art review // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015, Vol. 50, 583-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.012.Xiang X., Gong G., Wang C., Cai N., Zhou X., Li Y. Exergy analysis of updraft and downdraft fixed bed gasification of village-level solid waste // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021, Vol. 46, Is. 1, 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.247.Xiang X., Gong G., Wang C., Cai N., Zhou X., Li Y. Exergy analysis of updraft and downdraft fixed bed gasification of village-level solid waste // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021, Vol. 46, Is. 1, 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.247.Wijitkosum S., Jiwnok P. Elemental composition of biochar obtained from agricultural waste for soil Amendment and carbon sequestration // Applied sciences. 2019, 9(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/app9193980.Wijitkosum S., Jiwnok P. Elemental composition of biochar obtained from agricultural waste for soil Amendment and carbon sequestration // Applied sciences. 2019, 9(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/app9193980.Razmjoo P., Pourzamani H., Teiri H., Hajizadeh Y. Determination of an empirical formula for organic composition of mature compost produced in Isfahan-Iran composting plant in 2013 //Int J Env Health Eng. 2015, 4, 3. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9183.153988Razmjoo P., Pourzamani H., Teiri H., Hajizadeh Y. Determination of an empirical formula for organic composition of mature compost produced in Isfahan-Iran composting plant in 2013 //Int J Env Health Eng. 2015, 4, 3. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9183.153988Elshokary S., Farag S., Abu-Elyazeed O.S.M., Hurisso B., Ismai M. Downdraft gasifier design calculation for biomass gasification using exhaust gas as a gasification agent // Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.520.Elshokary S., Farag S., Abu-Elyazeed O.S.M., Hurisso B., Ismai M. Downdraft gasifier design calculation for biomass gasification using exhaust gas as a gasification agent // Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.520.Yoon S.J., Son Y.I, Kim Y. K, Lee J.G. Gasification and power generation characteristics of rice husk and rice husk pellet using a downdraft fixed-bed gasifier // Renewable Energy. 2012, 42, 163-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.08.028.Yoon S.J., Son Y.I, Kim Y. K, Lee J.G. Gasification and power generation characteristics of rice husk and rice husk pellet using a downdraft fixed-bed gasifier // Renewable Energy. 2012, 42, 163-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.08.028.Ding, L., Yang, M., Dong, K. et al. Mobile power generation system based on biomass gasification // Int J Coal Sci Technol. 2022, 9, 34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-022-00505-0.Ding, L., Yang, M., Dong, K. et al. Mobile power generation system based on biomass gasification // Int J Coal Sci Technol. 2022, 9, 34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-022-00505-0.Dalmış İ.S., Kayişoğlu B., Tuğ S., Aktaş T., Durgut M.R., Durgut F. A Prototype Downdraft Gasifier Design with Mechanical Stirrer for Rice Straw Gasification and Comparative Performance Evaluation for Two Different Airflow Paths // J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2018, 24(3), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.456649.Dalmış İ.S., Kayişoğlu B., Tuğ S., Aktaş T., Durgut M.R., Durgut F. A Prototype Downdraft Gasifier Design with Mechanical Stirrer for Rice Straw Gasification and Comparative Performance Evaluation for Two Different Airflow Paths // J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2018, 24(3), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.456649.Guangul F.M., Sulaiman S.A., Ramli A. Study of the effects of operating factors on the resulting producer gas of oil palm fronds gasification with a single throat downdraft gasifier // Renewable Energy. 2014, Vol. 72, 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.07.022.Guangul F.M., Sulaiman S.A., Ramli A. Study of the effects of operating factors on the resulting producer gas of oil palm fronds gasification with a single throat downdraft gasifier // Renewable Energy. 2014, Vol. 72, 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.07.022.Dascomb J., Krothapalli A., Fakhrai R. Thermal conversion efficiency of producing hydrogen enriched syngas from biomass steam gasification // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, Vol. 38, Is. 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.07.022.Dascomb J., Krothapalli A., Fakhrai R. Thermal conversion efficiency of producing hydrogen enriched syngas from biomass steam gasification // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, Vol. 38, Is. 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.07.022.Vassilev S.V., Vassileva C.G., Song Y.-C., Li W.-Y., Feng J. Ash contents and ash-forming elements of biomass and their significance for solid biofuel combustion // Fuel. 2017, Vol. 208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.036.Vassilev S.V., Vassileva C.G., Song Y.-C., Li W.-Y., Feng J. Ash contents and ash-forming elements of biomass and their significance for solid biofuel combustion // Fuel. 2017, Vol. 208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.036.García R., Pizarro C., Lavín A. G., Bueno J.L. Characterization of Spanish biomass wastes for energy use // Bioresource Technology, 2012, Vol. 103, Is.1, 249-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.004.García R., Pizarro C., Lavín A. G., Bueno J.L. Characterization of Spanish biomass wastes for energy use // Bioresource Technology, 2012, Vol. 103, Is.1, 249-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.004.Vardin F.H., Najafi B. Developing a novel downdraft fixed bed gasifier for hydrogen production from sawdust to improve an SI engine exhaust emissions // Renewable Energy Focus. 2018, Vol. 27, 88-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2018.07.007.Vardin F.H., Najafi B. Developing a novel downdraft fixed bed gasifier for hydrogen production from sawdust to improve an SI engine exhaust emissions // Renewable Energy Focus. 2018, Vol. 27, 88-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2018.07.007.Safarian S., Unnthorsson R., Richter C. Hydrogen production via biomass gasification: simulation and performance analysis under different gasifying agents // Biofuels. 2021. Vol. 13, Is. 6, 717-726. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2021.1894781.Safarian S., Unnthorsson R., Richter C. Hydrogen production via biomass gasification: simulation and performance analysis under different gasifying agents // Biofuels. 2021. Vol. 13, Is. 6, 717-726. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2021.1894781.Catalanotti E., Porter R.T.J., Chalchooghi M.M., Mahgerefteh H. Biomass Gasification in a Downdraft Gasifier with in-situ CO2 Capture: a Pyrolysis, Oxidation and Reduction Staged Model // Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2020, Vol. 80, 85-90. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2080015.Catalanotti E., Porter R.T.J., Chalchooghi M.M., Mahgerefteh H. Biomass Gasification in a Downdraft Gasifier with in-situ CO2 Capture: a Pyrolysis, Oxidation and Reduction Staged Model // Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2020, Vol. 80, 85-90. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2080015.Sasujit K., Dussadee N., Homdoung N., Ramaraj R., Kiatsiriroat T. Waste-to-Energy: Producer Gas Production from Fuel Briquette of Energy Crop in Thailand // International Energy Journal. 2020,17(1).Sasujit K., Dussadee N., Homdoung N., Ramaraj R., Kiatsiriroat T. Waste-to-Energy: Producer Gas Pro-duction from Fuel Briquette of Energy Crop in Thailand // International Energy Journal. 2020,17(1).Mansur F. Z., Faizal C. K. M., Samad N. A. F. A., Atnaw S. M., Sulaiman S. A., Guangul F. M., Sulaiman S.A., Ramli A. Gasifcation performance of sawdust, pelletized sawdust and sub-bituminous coal in a downdraft gasifer // SN Appl. Sci. 2020, 2, 1543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03358-x.Mansur F. Z., Faizal C. K. M., Samad N. A. F. A., Atnaw S. M., Sulaiman S. A., Guangul F. M., Sulaiman S.A., Ramli A. Gasifcation performance of sawdust, pelletized sawdust and sub bituminous coal in a downdraft gasifer // SN Appl. Sci. 2020, 2, 1543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03358-x.Chen G., Guo X., Liu F., Ma Z., Cheng Z., Yan B., Wenchao Ma Gasification of lignocellulosic biomass pretreated by anaerobic digestion (AD) process: An experimental study // Fuel. 2019, Vol. 247, 324-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.002.Chen G., Guo X., Liu F., Ma Z., Cheng Z., Yan B., Wenchao Ma Gasification of lignocellulosic biomass pretreated by anaerobic digestion (AD) process: An experimental study // Fuel. 2019, Vol. 247, 324-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.002.Svishchev D.A., Kozlov A.N., Donskoy I.G., Ryzhkov A.F. A semi-empirical approach to the thermodynamic analysis of downdraft gasification // Fuel, 2016, Vol.168, 91-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.06649.Svishchev D.A., Kozlov A.N., Donskoy I.G., Ryzhkov A.F. A semi-empirical approach to the thermodynamic analysis of downdraft gasification // Fuel, 2016, Vol.168, 91-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.06649.Alouani Y., Saifaoui D., Alouani A., Alouani M.-A. Municipal solid waste gasification to produce hydrogen: Integrated simulation model and performance analysis // International journal of energy research. 2022, Vol. 46, Is. 14, 20068-20078. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.8591.Alouani Y., Saifaoui D., Alouani A., Alouani M.-A. Municipal solid waste gasification to produce hydrogen: Integrated simulation model and performance analysis // International journal of energy research. 2022, Vol. 46, Is. 14, 20068-20078. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.8591.Sandeep K., Dasappa S. Oxy–steam gasification of biomass for hydrogen rich syngas production using downdraft reactor configuration // International journal of energy research. 2014, Vol. 38, Is. 2, 174-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3019.Sandeep K., Dasappa S. Oxysteam gasification of biomass for hydrogen rich syngas production using downdraft reactor configuration // International journal of energy research. 2014, Vol. 38, Is. 2, 174-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3019.Raheem Abdul, Dupont V., Channa A.Q., Zhao X., Vuppaladadiyam A.K., Taufiq-Yap Y.-H., Zhao M., Harun R. Parametric Characterization of Air Gasification of Chlorella vulgaris Biomass // Energy Fuels. 2017, 31, 3, 2959–2969. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b03468.Raheem Abdul, Dupont V., Channa A.Q., Zhao X., Vuppaladadiyam A.K., Taufiq-Yap Y.-H., Zhao M., Harun R. Parametric Characterization of Air Gasification of Chlorella vulgaris Biomass // Energy Fuels. 2017, 31, 3, 2959–2969. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b03468.Hoque E., Rashid F. Gasification Process Using Downdraft Fixed-Bed Gasifier for Different Feedstock. 2021. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96227.Hoque E., Rashid F. Gasification Process Using Downdraft Fixed-Bed Gasifier for Different Feedstock. 2021. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96227.Akhator P.E., Obanor A.I., Sadjere E.G. Design and development of a small-scale biomass downdraft gasifier // Nigerian Journal of Technology. 2019, Vol. 38(4), 922-930. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v38i4.15.Akhator P.E., Obanor A.I., Sadjere E.G. Design and development of a small-scale biomass downdraft gasifier // Nigerian Journal of Technology. 2019, Vol. 38(4), 922-930. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v38i4.15.Reed T.B., Das A. Handbook of Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems. USA. SERI, Golden. 1988. 148 p.Reed T.B., Das A. Handbook of Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems. USA. SERI, Golden. 1988. 148 p.Chaves L. I., Silva M.J., Souza S.N.M., Secco D., Rosa H.A., Nogueira C.E.C., Frigo E.P. Small-scale power generation analysis: Downdraft gasifier coupled to engine generator set // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016, Volu.58, 491-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.033.Chaves L. I., Silva M.J., Souza S.N.M., Secco D., Rosa H.A., Nogueira C.E.C., Frigo E.P. Small-scale power generation analysis: Downdraft gasifier coupled to engine generator set // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016, Volu.58, 491-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.033.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.