alternativeАльтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)1608-8298Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс10.15518/isjaee.2023.03.069-092alternative-2221Research ArticleXV. ЭНЕРГОСБЕРЕЖЕНИЕ. 35. Энергосберегающие технологии, системы, материалы и приборыXV. ENERGY SAVING. 35. Energy-Saving Technologies, Systems, Materials, and InstrumentsНовая методика настройки релейной защиты энергосистем, содержащих возобновляемые источники энергии и водородные накопители энергииNovel method for setting up the relay protection of power systems containing renewable energy sources and hydrogen energy storage systemsАндреевМ. В.AndreevM.

Андреев Михаил Владимирович - доцент отделения электроэнергетики и электротехники Инженерной  школы энергетики

634050, Томская область, г. Томск, пр. Ленина, 30

Mikhail Vladimirovich Andreev -  Associate Professor, Department of Electric Power System, Institute of Power Engineering

634050, Tomsk, Lenina avenue, 30, 241 room

БайЮ. Д.BayY.

Бай Юлий Дмитриевич - старший преподаватель  отделения электроэнергетики и электротехники  Инженерной школы энергетики

634050, Томская область, г. Томск, пр. Ленина, 30

Yuliy Dmitrievich Bay - Senior Lecturer, Department of Electric Power System, Institute of Power Engineering

634050, Tomsk, Lenina avenue, 30, 241 room

МалютаБ. Д.MalyutaB.

Малюта Борис Дмитриевич - Студент отделения электроэнергетики и электротехники Инженерной  школы энергетики

634050, Томская область, г. Томск, пр. Ленина, 30

Boris Dmitrievich Malyuta - Student, Department of Electric Power System, Institute of Power Engineering

634050, Tomsk, Lenina avenue, 30, 241 room

Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университетРоссияNational Research Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityRussian Federation202316072023036992Copyright © Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 20232023Международный издательский дом научной периодики "СпейсМеждународный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейсhttps://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2221

Интеграция возобновляемых источников энергии (ВИЭ) в сочетании с накопителями энергии существенно изменяет процессы в электроэнергетических системах (ЭЭС). В частности, изменяется скорость изменения и глубина снижения режимных параметров при авариях. Подобные изменения могут спровоцировать некорректные действия релейной защиты (РЗ), принципы функционирования и настройки которых формировались без учёта отмеченного влияния ВИЭ и накопителей энергии. Для принятия превентивных мер необходимо детально исследовать процессы при всевозможных нормальных и анормальных режимах как в ЭЭС, так и в первичных измерительных преобразователях, и в самих устройствах РЗ. Такое осуществимо только при математическом моделировании с использованием максимально полных и достоверных моделей всех элементов ЭЭС, включая РЗ. Разработанный авторам симулятор энергосистем ВМК РВ ЭЭС позволяет реализовать такие модели без упрощений и ограничений для ЭЭС любой размерности. Наличие подобного инструмента в сочетании с разработанной ранее авторами детальных математических моделей одной РЗ позволило выполнить их глубокие исследования в ЭЭС с ВИЭ и в результате сформировать настройки, которые обеспечивают их адекватное функционирование в конкретных условиях применения. Фрагменты этих исследований представлены в статье. Такого рода данные можно использовать, в частности, при разработке новых методов и средств настройки РЗ.

Integration of renewable energy sources (RES) together with energy storage systems (ESS) changes processes in electric power systems (EPS) significantly. Specifically, rate of change and the lowest values of operating conditions during the emergencies are got influenced. Such changes can cause incorrect actions of relay protection (RP) as it was designed and adjusted with no regard for influence of RES and ESS. Detailed research on processes during the different normal and abnormal modes in both EPS and primary transducers and also in RP devices should be done to take preventive actions. To do this research mathematical modelling based on detailed and authentic models of all elements including RP should be used. HRTSim (which was developed by authors) software for simulating EPS provides the opportunity to create such models of EPS of any size without simplifications and limits. Using of this instrument together with detailed mathematical models of RP which were developed before provided the opportunity to investigate them rigorously in RES-integrated EPS. Settings providing adequate action of RP in certain conditions were performed as a result of this investigation. Fragments of these investigations are performed in this paper. Results of these investigations would be useful for designing new methods and tools of RP adjustment.

система накопления электрической энергиирелейная защитанастройкавозобновляемые источники энергииhydrogen energy storage systemrelay protectionsettingsrenewable energy sourcesРабота выполнена при поддержке программы развития ТПУ «Приоритет 2030».References. Qazi A, Hussain F, Rahim NABD, Hardaker G, Alghazzawi D, Shaban K, et al. Towards Sustainable Energy: A Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Sources, Technologies, and Public Opinions. IEEE Access 2019; 7:63837–51. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2906402.. Qazi A, Hussain F, Rahim NABD, Hardaker G, Alghazzawi D, Shaban K, et al. Towards Sustainable Energy: A Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Sources, Technologies, and Public Opinions. IEEE Access 2019; 7:63837–51. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2906402.. Wang L., Xie X., Jiang Q., Liu H., Li Y. and Liu H. Investigation of SSR in Practical DFIG-Based Wind Farms Connected to a Series-Compensated Power System. IEEE Trans on Power Syst 2015; 30: 2772-79. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2365197.. Wang L., Xie X., Jiang Q., Liu H., Li Y. and Liu H. Investigation of SSR in Practical DFIG-Based Wind Farms Connected to a Series-Compensated Power System. IEEE Trans on Power Syst 2015; 30: 2772-79. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2365197.. Telukunta V., Pradhan J., Agrawal A., Singh M. and Srivani S. G. Protection challenges under bulk penetration of renewable energy resources in power systems: A review. CSEE J Power and Energy Systems 2017; 3: 365-79. https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2017.00030.. Telukunta V., Pradhan J., Agrawal A., Singh M. and Srivani S. G. Protection challenges under bulk penetration of renewable energy resources in power systems: A review. CSEE J Power and Energy Systems 2017; 3: 365-79. https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2017.00030.. Kawabe K. and Tanaka K. Impact of dynamic behavior of photovoltaic power generation systems on short-term voltage stability. in Proc IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting 2016: 1-1, https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741134.. Kawabe K. and Tanaka K. Impact of dynamic behavior of photovoltaic power generation systems on short-term voltage stability. in Proc IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting 2016: 1-1, https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741134.. Delille G, François B, Malarange G. Dynamic frequency control support by energy storage to reduce the impact of wind and solar generation on isolated power system's inertia. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 2012; 3(4):931–39, http://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2012.2205025.. Delille G, François B, Malarange G. Dynamic frequency control support by energy storage to reduce the impact of wind and solar generation on isolated power system's inertia. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 2012; 3(4):931–39, http://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2012.2205025.. Eftekharnejad S, Vittal V, Heydt GT, Keel B, Loehr J. Impact of increased penetration of photovoltaic generation on power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2013; 28(2):893–901. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2216294. Eftekharnejad S, Vittal V, Heydt GT, Keel B, Loehr J. Impact of increased penetration of photovoltaic generation on power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2013; 28(2):893–901. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2216294. Padullaparti H. V., Chirapongsananurak P., Hernandez M. E. and Santoso S. Analytical Approach to Estimate Feeder Accommodation Limits Based on Protection Criteria. IEEE Access 2016; 4: 4066-81. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2589545.. Padullaparti H. V., Chirapongsananurak P., Hernandez M. E. and Santoso S. Analytical Approach to Estimate Feeder Accommodation Limits Based on Protection Criteria. IEEE Access 2016; 4: 4066-81. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2589545.. Zhan H. et al. Relay Protection Coordination Integrated Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generation Sources in Distribution Networks. IEEE Trans on Smart Grid 2016; 7: 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2015.2420667.. Zhan H. et al. Relay Protection Coordination Integrated Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generation Sources in Distribution Networks. IEEE Trans on Smart Grid 2016; 7: 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2015.2420667.. Meliopoulos A. P. S. et al. Dynamic State Estimation-Based Protection: Status and Promise. IEEE Trans on Power Deliv 2017; 32: 320-30. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2613411.. Meliopoulos A. P. S. et al. Dynamic State Estimation-Based Protection: Status and Promise. IEEE Trans on Power Deliv 2017; 32: 320-30. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2613411.. Uddin M. N., Rezaei N. and Emmanuel Olufemi O. Adaptive and Optimal Overcurrent Protection of Wind Farms With Improved Reliability. IEEE Transon Ind Appl 2022; 58: 3342-52. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2022.3147151.. Uddin M. N., Rezaei N. and Emmanuel Olufemi O. Adaptive and Optimal Overcurrent Protection of Wind Farms With Improved Reliability. IEEE Transon Ind Appl 2022; 58: 3342-52. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2022.3147151.. Dawood R. M. S., Al-Greer M. and Pillai G. Fuzzy Logic Based Scheme for Directional Overcurrent Detection and Classification for Transmission Line. In Proc 56th International Universities Power Engineering 2021: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC50034.2021.9548215.. Dawood R. M. S., Al-Greer M. and Pillai G. Fuzzy Logic Based Scheme for Directional Overcurrent Detection and Classification for Transmission Line. In Proc 56th International Universities Power Engineering 2021: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC50034.2021.9548215.. Jia K., Zhu R., Bi T., Zhao Q., Wang C. and Xuan Z. Fuzzy-Logic-Based Active Protection for Photovoltaic DC Power Plant. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery 2020: 35: 497-07. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2907115.. Jia K., Zhu R., Bi T., Zhao Q., Wang C. and Xuan Z. Fuzzy-Logic-Based Active Protection for Photovoltaic DC Power Plant. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery 2020: 35: 497-07. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2907115.. Shin M.-C., Park C.-W. and Kim J.-H. Fuzzy logic-based relaying for large power transformer protection. IEEE Trans on Power Del 2003; 18: 718-24. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2003.813598.. Shin M.-C., Park C.-W. and Kim J.-H. Fuzzy logic-based relaying for large power transformer protection. IEEE Trans on Power Del 2003; 18: 718-24. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2003.813598.. Teng T, Zhang X, Dong H, Xue Q. A comprehensive review of energy management optimization strategies for fuel cell passenger vehicle. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2020;45:20293–20303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.202.. Teng T, Zhang X, Dong H, Xue Q. A comprehensive review of energy management optimization strategies for fuel cell passenger vehicle. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2020;45:20293–20303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.202.. Kummer K, Imre AR. Seasonal and multiseasonal energy storage by power-to-methane technology. Energies 2021;14:3265. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113265.. Kummer K, Imre AR. Seasonal and multiseasonal energy storage by power-to-methane technology. Energies 2021;14:3265. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113265.. Chen J, Liu M, Milano F, O’Donnell T. Placement of Virtual Synchronous Generator Controlled Electric Storage combined with Renewable Generation. in Proc IEEE Milan PowerTech 2019:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810520.. Chen J, Liu M, Milano F, O’Donnell T. Placement of Virtual Synchronous Generator Controlled Electric Storage combined with Renewable Generation. in Proc IEEE Milan PowerTech 2019:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810520.. Zhang X, Pei W, Mei C, Deng W, Tan J, Zhang Q. Transform from gasoline stations to electric-hydrogen hybrid refueling stations: An islanding DC microgrid with electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage system and its control strategy. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2022;136:107684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107684.. Zhang X, Pei W, Mei C, Deng W, Tan J, Zhang Q. Transform from gasoline stations to electric-hydrogen hybrid refueling stations: An islanding DC microgrid with electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage system and its control strategy. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2022;136:107684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107684.. Wang J, Wang P. Power Decoupling Control for Modular Multilevel Converter. IEEE Trans Power Electron 2018;33:9296–9309. https://10.1109/TPEL.2018.2799321.. Wang J, Wang P. Power Decoupling Control for Modular Multilevel Converter. IEEE Trans Power Electron 2018;33:9296–9309. https://10.1109/TPEL.2018.2799321.. Noussan M, Raimondi PP, Scita R, Hafner M. The role of green and blue hydrogen in the energy transition – a technological and geopolitical perspective. Sustainability 2021;13:298. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010298.. Noussan M, Raimondi PP, Scita R, Hafner M. The role of green and blue hydrogen in the energy transition – a technological and geopolitical perspective. Sustainability 2021;13:298. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010298.. Maleki Bagherabadi K, Skjong S, Pedersen E. Dynamic modelling of PEM fuel cell system for simulation and sizing of marine power systems. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2022;47:17699–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.247.. Maleki Bagherabadi K, Skjong S, Pedersen E. Dynamic modelling of PEM fuel cell system for simulation and sizing of marine power systems. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2022;47:17699–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.247.. Elberry AM, Thakur J, Veysey J. Seasonal hydrogen storage for sustainable renewable energy integration in the electricity sector: A case study of Finland. J Energy Storage 2021;44:103474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103474.. Elberry AM, Thakur J, Veysey J. Seasonal hydrogen storage for sustainable renewable energy integration in the electricity sector: A case study of Finland. J Energy Storage 2021;44:103474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103474.. Zhang K, Zhou B, Or SW, Li C, Chung CY, Voropai N. Optimal Coordinated Control of MultiRenewable-to-Hydrogen Production System for Hydrogen Fueling Stations. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2022;58:2728–39. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2021.3093841.. Zhang K, Zhou B, Or SW, Li C, Chung CY, Voropai N. Optimal Coordinated Control of MultiRenewable-to-Hydrogen Production System for Hydrogen Fueling Stations. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2022;58:2728–39. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2021.3093841.. Andreev M., et al. Hybrid real-time simulator of large-scale power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2019; 34: 1404-15. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2876668.. Andreev M., et al. Hybrid real-time simulator of large-scale power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2019; 34: 1404-15. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2876668.. Andreev M., Suvorov A., Askarov A., Alisher and Bhalja B. Novel approach for relays tuning using detailed mathematical model of electric power system. Int J Electr Power & Energy Syst 2022; 135: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107572. Andreev M., Suvorov A., Askarov A., Alisher and Bhalja B. Novel approach for relays tuning using detailed mathematical model of electric power system. Int J Electr Power & Energy Syst 2022; 135: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107572. Andreev M., et al. Settings determination for numerical transformer differential protection via its detailed mathematical model. IET Gener Transm Distrib 2020; 14: 1962–72. https://doi.org/10.1049/ietgtd.2019.0932. Andreev M., et al. Settings determination for numerical transformer differential protection via its detailed mathematical model. IET Gener Transm Distrib 2020; 14: 1962–72. https://doi.org/10.1049/ietgtd.2019.0932. Dysko A., McDonald J. R., Burt G. M., Goody J. and Gwyn B. Dynamic modelling of protection system performance. in Proc Developments in Power System Protection 1997: 381-85. https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:19970104.. Dysko A., McDonald J. R., Burt G. M., Goody J. and Gwyn B. Dynamic modelling of protection system performance. in Proc Developments in Power System Protection 1997: 381-85. https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:19970104.. Barbosa D., Netto U. C., Coury D. V. and Oleskovicz M. Power Transformer Differential Protection Based on Clarke's Transform and Fuzzy Systems. IEEE Trans on Power Deliv 2011; 26: 1212-20. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2097281.. Barbosa D., Netto U. C., Coury D. V. and Oleskovicz M. Power Transformer Differential Protection Based on Clarke's Transform and Fuzzy Systems. IEEE Trans on Power Deliv 2011; 26: 1212-20. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2097281.. Dashti H., and Sanaye-Pasand M. Power Transformer Protection Using a Multiregion Adaptive Differential Relay.IEEE Trans Power Deliv 2014; 29:777–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2280023.. Dashti H., and Sanaye-Pasand M. Power Transformer Protection Using a Multiregion Adaptive Differential Relay.IEEE Trans Power Deliv 2014; 29:777–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2280023.. Rongxiang Y. and Hailiang Z. Research and Development of Visual Relaying Protection Setting Simulation System. In Proc Power System Technology 2006: 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPST.2006.321943.. Rongxiang Y. and Hailiang Z. Research and Development of Visual Relaying Protection Setting Simulation System. In Proc Power System Technology 2006: 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPST.2006.321943.. Rueda-Torres J. L., and González-Longatt F. Dynamic Vulnerability Assessment and Intelligent Control: For Sustainable Power Systems. IEEE; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119214984.ch17.. Rueda-Torres J. L., and González-Longatt F. Dynamic Vulnerability Assessment and Intelligent Control: For Sustainable Power Systems. IEEE; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119214984.ch17.. Ziegler G., Numerical Differential Protection. Publicis Publishing; 2012. https://download.ebookshelf.de/download/0000/6042/27/L-G-0000604227-0002364945.pdf. Ziegler G., Numerical Differential Protection. Publicis Publishing; 2012. https://download.ebookshelf.de/download/0000/6042/27/L-G-0000604227-0002364945.pdf. Martinez-Velasco J. A. Transient Analysis of Power Systems: Solution Techniques, Tools and Applications. IEEE; 2015. https://www.wiley.com/enus/Transient+Analysis+of+Power+Systems%3A+Solution+Techniques%2C+Tools+and+Applications-p-9781118352342. Martinez-Velasco J. A. Transient Analysis of Power Systems: Solution Techniques, Tools and Applications. IEEE; 2015. https://www.wiley.com/enus/Transient+Analysis+of+Power+Systems%3A+Solution+Techniques%2C+Tools+and+Applications-p-9781118352342. Razzhivin I, Askarov A, Rudnik V, Suvorov A. A Hybrid Simulation of Converter-Interfaced Generation as the Part of a Large-Scale Power System Model. Int J Eng Technol Innov 2021;11:278–93. https://doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2021.7276.. Razzhivin I, Askarov A, Rudnik V, Suvorov A. A Hybrid Simulation of Converter-Interfaced Generation as the Part of a Large-Scale Power System Model. Int J Eng Technol Innov 2021;11:278–93. https://doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2021.7276.. Andreev M, Razzhivin I, Suvorov A, Ruban N, Ufa R, Gusev A, et al. A hybrid model of type-4 wind turbine – concept and implementation for power system simulation. in Proc IEEE PES Innov Smart Grid Tech Conf Europe 2020:799–803. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope47291.2020.9248860.. Andreev M, Razzhivin I, Suvorov A, Ruban N, Ufa R, Gusev A, et al. A hybrid model of type-4 wind turbine – concept and implementation for power system simulation. in Proc IEEE PES Innov Smart Grid Tech Conf Europe 2020:799–803. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope47291.2020.9248860.. Ufa RA, Rudnik VE, Malkova YY, Bay YD, Kosmynina NM. Impact of renewable generation unit on stability of power systems. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2022;47:19947–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.04.141.. Ufa RA, Rudnik VE, Malkova YY, Bay YD, Kosmynina NM. Impact of renewable generation unit on stability of power systems. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2022;47:19947–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.04.141.. Abrahams J. R. and Coverley G. P. Signal flow analysis. Pergamon press; 1965. https://books.google.ru/books/about/Signal_Flow_Analysis.html?id=HpBLAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y.. Abrahams J. R. and Coverley G. P. Signal flow analysis. Pergamon press; 1965. https://books.google.ru/books/about/Signal_Flow_Analysis.html?id=HpBLAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y.. Andreev M. et al. Development and research of mathematical model of current transformer reproducing magnetic hysteresis based on preisach theory. IET Gener Transm Distrib 2020; 14: 2720–30. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6796.. Andreev M. et al. Development and research of mathematical model of current transformer reproducing magnetic hysteresis based on preisach theory. IET Gener Transm Distrib 2020; 14: 2720–30. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6796.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.