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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">alternative</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-8298</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15518/isjaee.2024.06.012-030</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">alternative-2428</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>I.ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМАЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИКА 1. Солнечная энергетика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>I. RENEWABLE ENERGY 1. Solar Energy</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Солнечная фотоэлектрическая система с отслеживанием максимальной мощности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Solar photovoltaic system with max power tracking</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8971-4517</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусев</surname><given-names>Г. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusev</surname><given-names>G. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гусев Глеб Николаевич - аспирант третьего курса ФГАОУ ВО НИТУ МИСиС, кафедра ЭЭГП, ведущий инженер-разработчик компании ООО «Парус электро», отдел разработки технических решений, направление возобновляемых источников энергии.</p><p>119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-кт, д. 4, стр. 1, Тел.: +7(495)955-00-32, +7(916)-935-95-56; 115404, Москва, ул. 6-я Радиальная, д. 9, Тел.: +7(495)518-92-92</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gusev Gleb Nikolaevich - third-year postgraduate student of NITU MISIS, EEGP department, leading engineerdeveloper of Parus electro LLC, technical solutions development department, renewable energy sources department.</p><p>119049, Moscow, Leninsky Prospekt, 4, building 1, Tel.: +7(495)955-00-32, +7(916)-935-95-56; 115404, Moscow, st. 6th Radialnaya, 9, Tel.: +7(495)518-92-92</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gleboch97@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5287-4397</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жданеев</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhdaneev</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жданеев Олег Валерьевич - доктор технических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник ИНХС РАН. Профессор высшей нефтяной школы, Югорский ГУ, Советник генерального директора/Старший советник генерального директора ФГБУ «Российское энергетическое агентство» Минэнерго РФ/ АО «Центр эксплуатационных услуг».</p><p>119991, ГСП-1, Москва, Ленинский пр-кт, д.29, тел.: +7(495)955-42-01</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhdaneev Oleg Valerevich - Leading Researcher INHS RAS. Professor of the Higher Oil School, Yugra SU. Advisor to the General Director/Senior Advisor to the General Director of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Russian Energy Agency» of the ME RF/jSC «Center for Operational Services». Doctor of Technical Sciences.</p><p>119991, GSP-1, Moscow, Leninsky Prospekt, 29, tel.: +7(495)955-42-01; Khanty-Mansiysk, Chekhov str., 16</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Zhdaneev@rosenergo.gov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1881-8049</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайнуллин</surname><given-names>М. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gainullin</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гайнуллин Марк Эдуардович - ведущий инженер-схемотехник направления возобновляемых источников энергии.</p><p>115404, Москва, ул. 6-я Радиальная, д. 9, Тел.: +7(495)518-92-92</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gainullin Mark Eduardovich - Leading engineer-circuit design of the department renewable energy.</p><p>115404, Moscow, st. 6th Radialnaya, 9, Tel.: +7(495)518-92-92</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.gainullin@parus-electro.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6771-9376</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аргасцев</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Argastsev</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аргасцев Александр Юрьевич – руководитель направления.</p><p>115230, Москва, ш. Каширское, д. 3, к. 2, стр. 16, тел.: +7(495)933-43-40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Argastsev Aleksandr Yurevich – head of the department.</p><p>115230, Moscow, sh. Kashirskoe, 3, building 2, building 16, tel.: +7(495)933-43-40</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">AYArgastsev@rasu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7708-2855</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапкин</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapkin</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лапкин Дмитрий Николаевич – руководитель отдела разработки технических решений.</p><p>115404, Москва, ул. 6-я Радиальная, д. 9, Тел.: +7(495)518-92-92</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lapkin Dmitrii Nikolaevich – Head of the technical solutions development department, head of the department renewable energy.</p><p>115404, Moscow, st. 6th Radialnaya, 9, Tel.: +7(495)518-92-92</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d.lapkin@parus-electro.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСИС», кафедра «Энергетики и энергоэффективности горной промышленности»; ООО «Парус электро»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «National Research Technological University «MISIS», Department of Energy and Energy Efficiency of the Mining Industry; Parus еlectro LLC<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Институт нефтехимического синтеза им. А.В. Топчиева Российской академии наук (ИНХС РАН)<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis named after. A. V. Topchiev Russian Academy of Sciences (INHS RAS)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">ООО «Парус электро»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Parus еlectro LLC<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">АО «Русатом Автоматизированные системы управления»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">JSC Rusatom Automated Control Systems<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2428">https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2428</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье исследуется современная архитектура фотоэлектрических систем (ФЭС) с оценкой эффективности разработанного алгоритма отслеживания точки максимальной мощности (МРРТ) управления нечётким роем частиц (FPSO) для широт умеренно-континентального климата. Материал работы даёт оценку традиционных МРРТ алгоритмов по отношению к современному алгоритму FPSO. В статье обобщается опыт наблюдений за климатическими факторами и ресурсами Солнца на примере Российской Федерации. Так, в 2023 году средняя температура зимой превысила норму на 4,7 ºC, а средняя температура летом превзошла норму на 4,9 ºC по сравнению с 2022 годом. В работе дан анализ уровня инсоляции, который вырос на 0,03кВт*ч/м2 по регионам России за период 2022-2023 годов. Экспериментальная часть работы проводилась на солнечной электростанции (СЭС) «Калмыкская» с координатами 53,422832 северной широты и 55,266895 восточной долготы. Опытным путём была получена ватт-вольтная характеристика поля фотоэлектрических модулей (ФЭМ), подключаемых к инвертору. При сравнении коэффициент корреляции между экспериментальными мощностью (P) и напряжением (U) панелей оказался выше, чем у идеальных – 0,933 против 0,914. Коэффициент корреляции между двумя рядами значений: идеальной зависимости P(U) и экспериментальной равен (-0,475). Также экспериментально были получены данные для расчёта коэффициента полезного действия (КПД) реализованного МРРТ алгоритма, который составил порядка 98,7%. Достоверность используемых в расчётах данных подтверждалась двумя независимыми средствами измерений, разница получаемых результатов составила менее 1%. В последней части эксперимента данного исследования была произведена оценка зависимости инсоляции в заданной географической точке от вырабатываемой мощности поля ФЭМ. Коэффициент корреляции составил 0,47, при этом выходное напряжение инвертора поддерживалось в номинальном диапазоне (600 ± 20%) В. Таким образом, авторами исследования экспериментальным путём была доказана эффективность использования МРРТ на FPSO в умеренно-континентальном климате с продолжительностью солнечного сияния Т = 1850 часов в год. Подтверждена эффективность алгоритма FPSO в условиях удалённости инвертора от общей точки коммутационного шкафа постоянного тока (КШПТ). Сделано заключение об эффективности применения МРРТ алгоритма, основанном на FPSO, в условиях частичного затенения, повышенной облачности и повышении температуры воздуха. Используя описание действующей архитектуры реализуемых по принципу On-Grid СЭС, авторы обращают внимание на невозможность работы подобных систем без наличия напряжения в опорной сети. Кроме этого, отмечена невозможность работы системы при значении мощности ФЭМ свыше 1500 кВт и при напряжении панелей менее 900 В. Для модернизации существующей архитектуры ФЭС впервые предлагается применение КШПТ и инвертора с реализованным МРРТ на FPSO в комбинации с электроустановкой производства водорода (H2) и никель-водородными (Ni-H2) аккумуляторами. Исследователи предлагают при напряжении поля ФЭМ ниже 900 В и при мощности поля ФЭМ свыше 1500 кВт посредством контроллера КШПТ направлять энергию на генерацию H2 или на заряд Ni-H2 батарей. Подобная архитектура позволит повысить бесперебойность и эффективность работы ФЭС, снизить углеродный след и использовать ФЭС в качестве промышленного источника бесперебойного питания (ИБП). В качестве основной проблемы развития альтернативной энергетики авторы видят отсутствие стандартизации реализуемых проектов по принципу ESG.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper investigates the state-of-the-art architecture of photovoltaic systems (PVS) by evaluating the performance of the developed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm of fuzzy particle swarm optimization (FPSO) for temperate continental latitudes. The material of the paper gives an evaluation of traditional MPPT algorithms in relation to the state-of-the-art FPSO algorithm. The paper summaries the experience of observations of climatic factors and solar resources on the example of the Russian Federation. Thus, in 2023, the average winter temperature exceeded the norm by 4,7 ºC, and the average summer temperature exceeded the norm by 4,9 ºC compared to 2022. The paper analyses the level of insolation, which increased by 0,03 kWh/m2 by regions of Russia for the period 2022-2023. The experimental part of the work was carried out at the solar power plant (SPP) «Kalmykskaya» with coordinates 53,422832 north latitude and 55,266895 east longitude. The watt-volt field characteristic of photovoltaic modules (PVM) connected to the inverter was obtained experimentally. When compared, the correlation coefficient between the experimental power (P) and voltage (U) of the panels was found to be higher than that of the ideal panels, 0,933 versus 0,914. The correlation coefficient between the ideal P(U) function and the experimental one is (-0,475). The data for calculating the coefficient of performance (COP) of the implemented MPPT algorithm was also obtained experimentally, which was about 98,7%. The reliability of the data used in the calculations was confirmed by two independent means of measurement, the difference of the obtained results was less than 1%. In the last part of the experiment of this study, the dependence of insolation in a given geographical point on the generated PV field power was evaluated. The correlation coefficient was 0,47, while the inverter output voltage was maintained in the nominal range of (600 ± 20%) V. Thus, the authors of the study experimentally proved the efficiency of using MPPT on FPSO in temperate continental climate with duration of sunshine T = 1850 hours per year. The effectiveness of the FPSO algorithm under the conditions of inverter distance from the common point of the DC switching cabinet (DCSC) has been confirmed. The effectiveness of the MPPT algorithm based on FPSO under conditions of partial shading, increased cloud cover and increased air temperature is concluded. Using the description of the current architecture of On-Grid SPP, the authors draw attention to the impossibility of operation of such systems without the presence of voltage in the reference network. In addition, the impossibility of the system operation at the value of PVM power over 1500 kW and at the voltage of panels less than 900 V is noted. To modernize the existing PVS architecture, for the first time, the use of a DCSC and an inverter with implemented MPPT on the FPSO in combination with a hydrogen (H2) production unit and nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H2) batteries is proposed. The researchers propose that when the PVM field voltage is below 900 V and when the PVM field power exceeds 1500 kW, energy can be diverted to H2 generation or to charge Ni-H2 batteries via a DCSC controller. Such an architecture will improve the continuity and efficiency of the PVS, reduce the carbon footprint, and allow the PVS to be used as an industrial uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The authors see the lack of standardization of implemented projects based on the ESG principle as the main problem of alternative energy development.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>солнечный инвертор</kwd><kwd>фотоэлектрическая система</kwd><kwd>точка максимальной мощности</kwd><kwd>MPPT</kwd><kwd>инсоляция</kwd><kwd>водородный накопитель</kwd><kwd>никель-водородный аккумулятор</kwd><kwd>метод роя частиц</kwd><kwd>ватт-вольтная характеристика солнечной панели</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Solar inverter</kwd><kwd>maximum power point photovoltaic system</kwd><kwd>MPPT</kwd><kwd>insolation</kwd><kwd>hydrogen storage</kwd><kwd>nickel-hydrogen battery</kwd><kwd>fuzzy particle swarm optimization</kwd><kwd>watt-volt characteristic of solar panel</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhdaneev O. V. 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