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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">alternative</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-8298</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15518/isjaee.2025.08.012-043</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">alternative-2682</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>VI. ТЕРМОДИНАМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ АЭЭ. 14. Термодинамический анализ в альтернативной энергетике. 14-1-0-0 Термодинамический анализ основных энергетических процессов в альтернативной энергетике</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>VI. THERMODYNAMIC BASICS OF AEE 14. Thermodynamic analysis in renewable energyy. 14-1-0-0 Thermodynamic analysis of basic energy generation processes in alternative energy</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Каталитический риформинг в процессе получения водородных углеводородов, таких как н-гептан, с использованием катализаторов и высоких температур</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Catalytic reforming in the process of hydrogen hydrocarbons, such as n-heptane, using catalists and hight temperatures</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамедов</surname><given-names>Шикар Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamedov</surname><given-names>Shikar H.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мамедов Шикар Гаджи оглы, канд. техн. наук, доцент кафедры «Материаловедение и технологии материалов»</p><p>Аз 1010, г. Баку, пр. Азадлыг, 16/21</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shikar Haji oqli Mamedov, associate professor of the Department of «Materials Science and Technology of Materials»</p><p>Az 1010, Baku, Azadlig Ave., 16/21</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насиров</surname><given-names>Шукур Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasirov</surname><given-names>Shukur N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Насиров Шукур Нариман оглы, канд. техн. наук, доцент, зав кафедры «Технология производства энергии» при АГУНП</p><p>Аз 1010, г. Баку, пр. Азадлыг, 16/21</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shukur Nariman oqli Nasirov, Ph. D. those. Sciences, Associate Profes­sor, Head of the Department of «Energy Production Technology» at ASOIU</p><p>Az 1010, Baku, Azadlig Ave., 16/21</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sh.nasirov62@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нейметов</surname><given-names>Санан Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Neymetov</surname><given-names>Sanan R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нейметов Санан Ровшан оглы, докторант, преподаватель кафедры «Технология про­изводства энергии» при АГУНП</p><p>Аз 1010, г. Баку, пр. Азадлыг, 16/21</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sanan Rovshan oqli Neymetov, doc­toral student, assistant of the Department of Energy Production Technology at ASOIU</p><p>Az 1010, Baku, Azadlig Ave., 16/21</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Азербайджанский Государственный Университет Нефти и Промышленности</institution><country>Азербайджан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University</institution><country>Azerbaijan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2682">https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2682</self-uri><abstract><p>Каталитический риформинг углеводородного сырья для получения водорода (H2): теплофизическая оптимизация с использованием н-гептана в качестве модельного соединения. Глобальный переход к устойчивым энергетическим системам выводит водород (h2) на передний план научных и технологических инноваций. Являясь экологически чистым топливом с высокой плотностью энергии и нулевым уровнем выбросов углекислого газа в месте использования, водород (H2) является ключевым фактором в обезуглероживании процессов производства электроэнергии, транспорта и промышленности. Однако для реализации экономики, основанной на водороде (H2), требуются масштабируемые, эффективные и адаптируемые к региону методы производства, которые сводят к минимуму воздействие на окружающую среду и легко интегрируются в существующую инфраструктуру. В этом исследовании представлен всесторонний теоретический и экспериментальный анализ получения водорода (h2) путем каталитического риформинга углеводородного сырья с акцентом на н-гептан в качестве модельного соединения. Исследование направлено на решение важнейших задач, связанных с получением водорода, включая кинетику реакции, тепло- и массообмен, стабильность катализатора и точность измерений в высокотемпературных и сверхкритических условиях, которые способствуют эффективному выделению водорода. Выбор н-гептана основан на его хорошо изученных теплофизических свойствах и репрезентативности среди более тяжелых нефтяных фракций, что обеспечивает экспериментальную воспроизводимость и применимость к реальному сырью для производства H2. Каталитический риформинг н-гептана инициирует реакции дегидрирования, приводящие к выделению водорода (H2) в соответствии со схемой: C7H16 ^ C7H14 + H2</p><p>Целью данного исследования является подтверждение возможности получения водорода (Н2) путем термокаталитического риформинга н-гептана с использованием специально разработанной экспериментальной установки, имитирующей промышленные условия. Система обеспечивает точный контроль температуры давления, расхода и состава катализатора, что позволяет систематически изучать режимы реакции и их влияние на выход Н2 и селективность. Особое внимание уделено сверхкритических условиях, которые увеличивают конвективный теплообмен, ускоряют реакции Кинетика и повышению энергетической эффективности, позиционирование каталитического риформинга в качестве перспективной альтернативой обычного водорода (H2) методы производства, такие как паровая конверсия метана (CH4 + H2O ^ СО + ЗН2), электролиз воды (2H2O ^ 2H2 + комплексе O2), и газификации биомассы. Эксперименты проводились в вертикальных, горизонтальных и наклонных конфигурациях труб для изучения влияния геометрии на температурные градиенты, гидродинамику и характеристики катализатора при выделении H2. Интеграция высокоточных термопар, датчиков давления, расходомеров и электронных потенциометров позволила получать данные в режиме реального времени и проводить тщательный анализ ошибок, включая отклонения в температуре, давлении и расходе, которые влияют на точность расчетов выхода H2. Каталитический риформинг включает в себя сложные реакции - дегидрирование, крекинг, изомеризацию и ароматизацию, - все они способствуют выделению водорода (H2). Например: C7H16 + Heat + Catalyst ^ C6H6 + CH4 + H2 </p><p>Анализируя поведение н-гептана при контролируемых температурных режимах, авторы исследования определили оптимальные параметры, которые максимизируют выход H2 при минимизации побочных ,0, продуктов, таких как CO, CH4 и кокс. Использование термостабильных и активных катализаторов обеспечивает                                             ,у,</p><p>ё ' стабильную работу в течение длительных рабочих циклов, что важно для промышленного производства - ё ' ''in'' H2. Адаптивность н-гептана в качестве исходного сырья особенно актуальна для регионов с ограниченным чл'' доступом к природному газу или возобновляемой электроэнергии, предлагая переходное решение, которое использует существующие нефтехимические ресурсы для производства H2. Экспериментальная установка и методология разработаны с учетом масштабируемости, что позволяет интегрировать их в мобильные водородные генераторы, децентрализованные энергетические системы и модернизированные установки нефтепереработки. По сравнению с паровым риформингом метана, при котором выделяется значительное количество CO2, каталитический риформинг в оптимизированных условиях может снизить выбросы парниковых газов и повысить энергоэффективность. В ходе исследования были определены плотность теплового потока, тепловые потери и эффективность преобразования для оценки воздействия процесса производства H2 на окружающую среду. Подробный анализ коэффициентов теплопередачи, температурных переходов и динамики потока дает практические рекомендации по проектированию реактора и оптимизации процесса, направленные на эффективное выделение водорода. Использование сверхкритических жидкостей в качестве охлаждающих жидкостей и реакционных сред повышает эффективность теплопередачи и позволяет создавать компактные реакторные системы с высокой производительностью для получения водорода. Для обеспечения достоверности выводов в исследовании используется строгая система анализа ошибок. Это включает отклонения в показаниях температуры, колебания давления, изменчивость расхода и помехи в системах сбора данных - все это влияет на точность оценки выхода H2. Результаты анализа позволяют получить рекомендации по повышению точности измерений и достоверности оценок производства водорода. Таким образом, данная работа укрепляет научные и инженерные основы производства водорода (H2) путем каталитического риформинга углеводородов. Результаты могут быть полезны академическим исследователям, заинтересованным сторонам в отрасли, политикам и специалистам по энергетическим стратегиям, которые ищут практические решения для перехода на водород. В конце статьи дается перспективный обзор роли каталитического риформинга в формирующейся водородной экономике. Представленная методология может быть адаптирована к различным источникам углеводородов, конструкциям реакторов и условиям эксплуатации, что делает ее универсальным инструментом в глобальных усилиях по декарбонизации энергетических систем и масштабированию производства водорода. Демонстрируя потенциал каталитического риформинга в высокотемпературных и сверхкритических условиях, это исследование вносит свой вклад в стратегическое развитие водородных технологий. Оно подчеркивает важность междисциплинарных исследований, сочетающих химическую инженерию, термодинамику, материаловедение и экологический анализ. Полученные результаты открывают путь для будущих инноваций в конструкции реакторов, разработке катализаторов и интеграции технологических процессов, что в конечном итоге способствует реализации устойчивого будущего, основанного на водороде (H2).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Catalytic Reforming of Hydrocarbon Feedstocks for Hydrogen (H2) Production: Thermophysical Optimization Using n-Heptane as a Model Compound. The global transition toward sustainable energy systems places hydrogen (H2) at the forefront of scientific and technological innovation. As a clean fuel with high energy density and zero carbon emissions at the point of use, hydrogen (H2) is a key enabler in decarbonizing power generation, transportation, and industrial processes. However, the realization of a hydrogen (H2)-based economy requires scalable, efficient, and regionally adaptable production methods that minimize environmental impact and integrate seamlessly into existing infrastructure. This study presents a comprehensive theoretical and experimental analysis of hydrogen (H2) production via catalytic reforming of hydrocarbon feedstocks, with a focus on n-heptane as a model compound. The research addresses critical challenges in H2 generation, including reaction kinetics, heat and mass transfer, catalyst stability, and measurement accuracy under high-temperature and supercritical conditions that promote effective H2 release. The selection of n-heptane is based on its well-characterized thermophysical properties and its representativeness of heavier petroleum fractions, ensuring experimental reproducibility and applicability to real-world feedstocks for H2 production. Catalytic reforming of n-heptane initiates dehydrogenation reactions, leading to hydrogen (H2) release according to the scheme:  C7H16 ^ C7H14 + H2</p><p>The objective of this research is to validate the feasibility of producing hydrogen (H2) through thermocatalytic 4^4 reforming of n-heptane using a custom-designed experimental setup that simulates industrial conditions. The system enables precise control of temperature, pressure, flow rate, and catalyst composition, allowing systematic exploration of reaction regimes and their impact on H2 yield and selectivity. Special attention is given to supercritical conditions, which enhance convective heat transfer, accelerate reaction kinetics, and improve energy efficiency, positioning catalytic reforming as a promising alternative to conventional hydrogen (H2) production methods such as steam methane reforming (CH4 + H2O ^ CO + ЗН2), water electrolysis (2ЩО ^ 2H2 + O2), and biomass gasification. Experiments were conducted in vertical, horizontal, and inclined pipe configurations to investigate the influence of geometry on thermal gradients, fluid dynamics, and catalyst performance in H2 evolution. The integration of high- precision thermocouples, pressure sensors, flow meters, and electronic potentiometers enabled real-time data acquisition and rigorous error analysis, including deviations in temperature, pressure, and flow rate that affect the accuracy of H2 yield calculations. Catalytic reforming involves complex reactions - dehydrogenation, cracking, isomerization, and aromatization - all contributing to hydrogen (H2) release. For example: C7H16 + Heat + Catalyst ^ C6H6 + CH4 + H2</p><p>By analyzing n-heptane behavior under controlled thermal conditions, the study identifies optimal parameters that maximize H2 output while minimizing byproducts such as CO, CH4, and coke. The use of thermally stable and active catalysts ensures sustained performance over extended operational cycles, which is essential for industrial-scale H2 production. The adaptability of n-heptane as a feedstock is particularly relevant for regions with limited access to natural gas or renewable electricity, offering a transitional solution that leverages existing petrochemical resources for H2 generation. The experimental setup and methodology are designed for scalability, enabling integration into mobile hydrogen (H2) generators, decentralized energy systems, and retrofitted refinery units. Compared to steam methane reforming, which emits significant CO2, catalytic reforming under optimized conditions can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy efficiency. The study quantifies heat flux density, thermal losses, and conversion efficiency to assess the environmental footprint of the H2 production process. Detailed analysis of heat transfer coefficients, temperature transitions, and flow dynamics provides practical guidance for reactor design and process optimization aimed at efficient H2 release. The use of supercritical fluids as coolants and reaction media enhances heat transfer performance and enables compact, high-throughput reactor systems for H2 generation. To ensure the reliability of conclusions, the study incorporates a rigorous error analysis framework. This includes deviations in temperature readings, pressure fluctuations, flow rate variability, and signal noise in data acquisition systems - all of which influence the precision of H2 yield assessments. The analysis informs recommendations for improving measurement accuracy and enhancing the reliability of H2 production evaluations. In summary, this work strengthens the scientific and engineering foundations of hydrogen (H2) production via catalytic reforming of hydrocarbons. The results are relevant to academic researchers, industry stakeholders, policymakers, and energy strategists seeking practical solutions for the hydrogen (H2) transition. The article concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the role of catalytic reforming in the emerging hydrogen (H2) economy. The methodology presented can be adapted to various hydrocarbon sources, reactor designs, and operational contexts, making it a versatile tool in global efforts to decarbonize energy systems and scale H2 production. By demonstrating the potential of catalytic reforming under high-temperature and supercritical conditions, this study contributes to the strategic advancement of hydrogen (H2) technologies. It highlights the importance of interdisciplinary research combining chemical engineering, thermodynamics, materials science, and environmental analysis. The findings pave the way for future innovations in reactor design, catalyst development, and process integration, ultimately supporting the realization of a sustainable, hydrogen (H2)-powered future.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>производство водорода</kwd><kwd>каталитический риформинг</kwd><kwd>н-гептан</kwd><kwd>сверхкритическое давление</kwd><kwd>конвективный теплообмен</kwd><kwd>плотность теплового потока</kwd><kwd>погрешность измерений</kwd><kwd>энергоэффективность</kwd><kwd>устойчивая технология</kwd><kwd>конструкция реактора</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hydrogen production</kwd><kwd>catalytic reforming</kwd><kwd>n-heptane</kwd><kwd>supercritical pressure</kwd><kwd>convective heat transfer</kwd><kwd>heat flux density</kwd><kwd>measurement uncertainty</kwd><kwd>energy efficiency</kwd><kwd>sustainable technology</kwd><kwd>reactor design</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isaev G. 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