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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">alternative</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-8298</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15518/isjaee.2026.03.012-045</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">alternative-2789</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>XXIII. ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ФИЗИКА ЭНЕРГИИ 42-1-0-0 Фундаментальная теоретическая физика энергии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>XXIII. FUNDAMENTAL THEORETICAL PHYSICS OF ENERGY 42-1-0-0 Fundamental Theoretical Physics of Energy</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Крекинг углеводородного сырья с получением сверхкритического водорода: вариационная термодинамика, критические режимы и эксергетический инвариант Гусева</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Supercritical hydrogen-yielding cracking of hydrocarbon feedstocks: variational thermodynamics, critical regimes, and the Gusev exergetic invariant</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3920-7389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусев</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusev</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Леонидович Гусев – крупный учёный в области альтернативной энергетики и экологии, советский и российский военный инженер‑конструктор и испытатель новейших образцов ракетной, космической и атомной техники. Основатель, учредитель и главный редактор Международного научного журнала «Альтернативная энергетика и экология» (ISJAEE)</p><p>85210, Черногория, Будва, почтовый ящик 5</p><p>8230, ЕС, Болгария, Несебр, Западный жилой район Солнечного берега, Комплекс Aphrodite Palace, Этаж 1, Квартира 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander Leonidovich Gusev is a prominent scientist in the fieldsof alternative energy and ecology, a former Soviet and Russian military design engineer and test specialist for advanced missile, space, and nuclear technologies. He is the founder and Editor‑in‑Chief of the International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)</p><p>85210, Montenegro (Crna Gora), Budva, Post Box Office 5</p><p>8230, EU, Bulgaria, Nesebar, Sunny Beach West Residential Area, Aphrodite Palace Complex, Floor 1, Apartment 19</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ferdalex07@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Fermaltech Montenegro Limited; Fermaltech Limited</institution><country>Черногория</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Fermaltech Montenegro Limited; Fermaltech Limited</institution><country>Montenegro</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2789">https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2789</self-uri><abstract><p>Крекинг тяжелого углеводородного сырья с получением сверхкритического водорода демонстрирует универсальные критические режимы, которые в корне определяют эффективность производства водорода. Для описания этих переходов разработана вариационная термодинамическая модель. Модель основана на минимизации термодинамических необратимостей и приводит к уравнению Эйлера-Лагранжа, из которого вытекает эксергетический инвариант Гусева в его канонической форме:</p><p>Этот инвариант управляет переходом между режимами с низким H₂, плато и высоким H₂. Параметр выхода водорода действует как параметр порядка, в то время как функционал необратимости становится эквивалентным функционалу Ландау-Гинзбурга. Получены критические показатели β = 1/2, γ = 1, δ = 3, которые, как показано, являются универсальными. Установлена структура перенормировочной группы (RG), выявляющая критическую фиксированную точку, соответствующую режиму плато. Эта теория обеспечивает единую основу для оптимизации производства водорода в реакторах сверхкритического крекинга.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Supercritical hydrogen-yielding cracking of heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks exhibits universal critical regimes that fundamentally determine hydrogen production efficiency. A variational thermodynamic model is developed to describe these transitions. The model is based on the minimization of thermodynamic irreversibilities and leads to the Euler-Lagrange equation, from which the Gusev Exergetic Invariant emerges in its canonical form:</p><p>This invariant governs the transition between Low-H₂, Plateau, and High-H₂ regimes. The hydrogen-yield parameter acts as an order parameter, while the functional of irreversibilities becomes equivalent to a Landau-Ginzburg functional. Critical exponents β = 1/2, γ = 1, δ = 3 are derived and shown to be universal. A renormalization-group (RG) structure is established, revealing a critical fixed point corresponding to the plateau regime. The theory provides  a unified framework for optimizing hydrogen production in supercritical cracking reactors.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>крекинг с выделением сверхкритического водорода</kwd><kwd>эксергетический инвариант Гусева</kwd><kwd>вариационная термодинамика</kwd><kwd>критические режимы</kwd><kwd>переходы с выделением водорода</kwd><kwd>функционал Ландау-Гинзбурга</kwd><kwd>критические показатели</kwd><kwd>перенормировочная группа</kwd><kwd>псевдокритическая область</kwd><kwd>производство энтропии</kwd><kwd>сверхкритические жидкости</kwd><kwd>оптимизация производства водорода</kwd><kwd>термодинамические необратимости</kwd><kwd>параметр порядка</kwd><kwd>масштабная инвариантность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>supercritical hydrogen-yielding cracking</kwd><kwd>Gusev Exergetic Invariant</kwd><kwd>variational thermodynamics</kwd><kwd>critical regimes</kwd><kwd>hydrogen-yield transitions</kwd><kwd>Landau-Ginzburg functional</kwd><kwd>critical exponents</kwd><kwd>renormalization group</kwd><kwd>pseudocritical region</kwd><kwd>entropy production</kwd><kwd>supercritical fluids</kwd><kwd>hydrogen production optimization</kwd><kwd>thermodynamic irreversibilities</kwd><kwd>order parameter</kwd><kwd>scale invariance</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">The author acknowledges the contribution of the Institute of Hydrogen Economy and Fermaltech Montenegro for supporting the development of the theoretical framework. 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