<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">alternative</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-8298</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15518/isjaee.2026.03.146-175</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">alternative-2794</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>II. НЕВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМАЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИКА. 9. Атомная энергетика. 9-3-0-0 Атомная энергетика и окружающая среда</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>II. NONRENEWABLE ENERGY. 9. Atomic energy. 9-3-0-0 Atomic energy and environment</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Реализация мер по обеспечению водородной взрывобезопасности при тяжёлых авариях для проектов АЭС-2006 дизайна «Атомпроект»</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Implementation of measures to ensure hydrogen explosion safety in case of severe accidents for NPP-2006 projects designed by «Atomproekt»</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Астафьева</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Astafyeva</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Астафьева Вера Олеговна, эксперт, кандидат технических наук</p><p>105005, Москва, ул. Бакунинская, д. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Astafyeva Vera Olegovna, Expert, Ph. D. of Engineering Sciences</p><p>105005, Moscow, Bakuninskaya str., 7</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидоров</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorov</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сидоров Валерий Григорьевич, эксперт, кандидат технических наук</p><p>105005, Москва, ул. Бакунинская, д. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sidorov Valery Grigorievich, Expert, Ph. D. of Engineering Sciences</p><p>105005, Moscow, Bakuninskaya str., 7</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кухтевич</surname><given-names>В. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kukhtevich</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кухтевич Владимир Олегович, Начальник отдела, кандидат технических наук</p><p>105005, Москва, ул. Бакунинская, д. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kukhtevich Vladimir Olegovich, Head of Department, Ph.D. of Engineering Sciences</p><p>105005, Moscow, Bakuninskaya str., 7</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киреев</surname><given-names>Р. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kireev</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Киреев Роман Станиславович, Инженер-проектировщик 3 категории; аспирант</p><p>105005, Москва, ул. Бакунинская, д. 7</p><p>195251, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kireev Roman Stanislavovich, Category 3 Design Engineer; Postgraduate Student</p><p>105005, Moscow, Bakuninskaya str., 7</p><p>195251, St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya str., 29 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивков</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivkov</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ивков Михаил Игоревич, Инженер-проектировщик 2 категории; ассистент Высшей школы атомной и тепловой энергетики</p><p>105005, Москва, ул. Бакунинская, д. 7</p><p>195251, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivkov Mikhail Igorevich, 2 category design engineer; assistant of the Higher School of Nuclear and Heat Power Engineering (postgraduate student)</p><p>105005, Moscow, Bakuninskaya str., 7</p><p>195251, St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya str., 29 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ivkov_mi@spbstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузнецов Егор Александрович, инженер-проектировщик2 категории, кандидат технических наук </p><p>105005, Москва, ул. Бакунинская, д. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kuznetsov Egor Alexandrovich, assistant of the Higher School of Nuclear and Heat Power Engineering (postgraduate student), Ph. D. of Engineering Sciences</p><p>105005, Moscow, Bakuninskaya str., 7</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аникина</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Anikina</surname><given-names>I. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аникина Ирина Дмитриевна, доцент Высшей школы атомной и тепловой энергетики (ВШАиТЭ), кандидат технических наук</p><p>195251, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anikina Irina Dmitrievna, associate professor of the Higher School of Nuclear and Heat Power Engineering, Ph. D. of Engineering Sciences</p><p>195251, St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya str., 29 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Владимиров</surname><given-names>Я. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vladimirov</surname><given-names>Ya. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимиров Ярослав Александрович, доцент Высшей школы атомной и тепловой энергетики (ВШАиТЭ), кандидат технических наук</p><p>195251, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimirov Yaroslav Alexandrovich, Associate professor of the HigherSchool of Nuclear and Heat Power Engineering, Ph. D. of EngineeringSciences</p><p>195251, St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya str., 29 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергеев Виталий Владимирович, первый проректор, профессор, доктор техническихнаук.</p><p>195251, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergeev Vitaly Vladimirovich, First Vice-Rector, Professor</p><p>195251, St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya str., 29 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Атомэнергопроект»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC Atomenergoproekt</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Атомэнергопроект»; Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC Atomenergoproekt; Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>146</fpage><lpage>175</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2794">https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2794</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью поиска новых решений по повышению безопасности АЭС большой мощности с пассивными системами безопасности. При запроектных авариях с тяжелым повреждением активной зоны водород, образующийся при высокотемпературном взаимодействии пара с циркониевыми оболочками твэлов, в смеси с воздухом и паром может образовать взрывоопасную среду, создающую угрозу разрушения защитной оболочки (контейнмента) и выброса радиоактивных веществ в окружающую среду. Для предотвращения подобных физических явлений на АЭС используются различные управляющие меры и технические средства, направленные на предотвращение образования взрывоопасных водородсодержащих смесей. В настоящем исследовании представлены методологические подходы к обеспечению водородной взрывобезопасности и приведены результаты обоснования эффективности управляющих мер, реализованных в различных проектах АЭС-2006 дизайна АО «Атомпроект».</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The relevance of this study stems from the need to find new solutions to improve the safety of large-capacity nuclear power plants with passive safety systems. In case of beyond design basis accidents with severe core damage, hydrogen resulting from the high-temperature interaction of steam with zirconium alloy fuel rod cladding, mixed with air and steam, can form an explosive atmosphere that threatens containment integrity and the release of radioactive substances into the environment. To prevent such phenomena, nuclear power plants use various control measures and technical means aimed at preventing the formation of explosive hydrogen-containing mixtures. This study presents methodological approaches to ensuring hydrogen explosion safety and provides results of justifying the effectiveness of control measures implemented in various NPP-2006 designs of Atomproekt JSC.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>водородная безопасность</kwd><kwd>тяжёлая авария</kwd><kwd>атомная электростанция</kwd><kwd>управление водородом</kwd><kwd>горение водорода</kwd><kwd>ВВЭР</kwd><kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ (соглашение от 16.01.26 № 075-03-2026-218, регистрационный номер темы FSEG-2026-0008).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. IAEA, 2015. The Fukushima Daiichi accident. Report by the Director General. – Vienna, IAEA, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. IAEA, 2015. The Fukushima Daiichi accident. Report by the Director General. – Vienna, IAEA, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Zhang Y. P., Niu S. P., Zhang L. T., Qiu S. Z., Su G. H., Tian W. X. A review on analysis of LWR severe accident // J Nucl Eng Radiat Sci. – 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Zhang Y. P., Niu S. P., Zhang L. T., Qiu S. Z., Su G. H., Tian W. X. A review on analysis of LWR severe accident // J Nucl Eng Radiat Sci. – 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. IAEA. Design of the Reactor Containment and Associated Systems for Nuclear Power Plants: Specific Safety Guide No. SSG-53. – Vienna: IAEA, 2019. – 108 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. IAEA. Design of the Reactor Containment and Associated Systems for Nuclear Power Plants: Specific Safety Guide No. SSG-53. – Vienna: IAEA, 2019. – 108 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. IAEA. Nuclear power plant safety: design. Ser. Safety Standards SSR-2/1 (Rev. 1). Vienna: IAEA, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. IAEA. Nuclear power plant safety: design. Ser. Safety Standards SSR-2/1 (Rev. 1). Vienna: IAEA, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. НП-001-15. Федеральные нормы и правила в области использования атомной энергии «Общие положения обеспечения безопасности атомных станций». – Введ. 2015. – М.: Ростехнадзор.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. NP-001-15. Federal Norms and Regulations in the Field of Atomic Energy Use «General Provisions for Ensuring the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants». – Introduced. 2015. – Moscow: Rostekhnadzor</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. НП-040-02. Правила обеспечения водородной взрывозащиты на атомной станции. – Введ. 2002.31.12. – М.: Госатомнадзор РФ, 2002. – 6 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. NP-040-02. Rules for Ensuring Hydrogen Explosion Protection at a Nuclear Power Plant. – Introduced. 2002.31.12. – Moscow: State Atomic Supervision of the Russian Federation, 2002. – 6 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Управление тяжелыми авариями реакторных установок проекта АЭС-2006 / В. Г. Сидоров, В. О. Астафьева, Ю. В. Крылов [и др.] // Атомная энергия. – 2022. – Т. 133, № 3. – С. 144-150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Severe Accident Management of Reactor Units in the NPP-2006 Project / V. G. Sidorov, V. O. Astafyeva, International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology Yu. V. Krylov [et al.] // Atomic Energy. – 2022. – Vol. 133, No. 3. – Pp. 144-150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Nuclear Energy Agency, Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations, 75 – Paris (France). In-vessel and ex-vessel hydrogen sources. Report by NEA groups of experts. – 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Nuclear Energy Agency, Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations, 75 – Paris (France). In-vessel and ex-vessel hydrogen sources. Report by NEA groups of experts. – 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Дежюриан М., Саярех Р., Рагошай М., Джаханфарния Г., Ширани А. С. Investigation of a Hydrogen Mitigation System During Large Break Lossоf-Coolant Accident for a Two-Loop Pressurized Water Reactor // Nuclear Engineering and Technology. – 2016. – Т. 48. – № 4. – С. 875-885.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Dejuryan M., Sayareh R., Ragoshay M., Jahanfarnia G., Shirani A. S. Research of the Hydrogen Mitigation System During a Major Coolant Loss Accident in a Two-Loop Water-Water Reactor // Nuclear Power Engineering and Technology. – 2016. – Vol. 48. – No. 4. – Pp. 875-885.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Hydrogen safety concept of NPP with VVER-1000 reactor / V. V. Bezlepkin, S. E. Semashko, I. M. Ivkov, Y. V. Krylov // 2003 International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants - Proceedings of ICAPP 2003, Cordoba, 04-07 мая 2003 года. – Cordoba, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Hydrogen safety concept of NPP with VVER-1000 reactor / V. V. Bezlepkin, S. E. Semashko, I. M. Ivkov, Y. V. Krylov // 2003 International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants - Proceedings of ICAPP 2003, Cordoba, 04-07 мая 2003 года. – Cordoba, 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Multinational Design Evaluation Programme (MDEP). Technical Report on Common Understanding of the Hydrogen Control System for the AP1000 Design (TR-AP1000WG-04). – Version 1.1. – Paris: OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, 23 Sept. 2020. – 13 p. – URL: https://www.oecd-nea.org/mdep</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Multinational Design Evaluation Programme (MDEP). Technical Report on Common Understanding of the Hydrogen Control System for the AP1000 Design (TR-AP1000WG-04). – Version 1.1. – Paris: OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, 23 Sept. 2020. – 13 p. – URL: https://www.oecd-nea.org/mdep</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. R. Gharari, H. Kazeminejad, N. Mataji Kojouri, A. Hedayat. A review on hydrogen generation, explosion, and mitigation during severe accidents in light waInternational Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology ter nuclear reactors // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2018. – Т. 43. – № 4. – С. 1939-1965. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.11.174</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. R. Gharari, H. Kazeminejad, N. Mataji Kojouri, A. Hedayat. A review on hydrogen generation, explosion, and mitigation during severe accidents in light water nuclear reactors // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2018. – Т. 43. – № 4. – С. 1939-1965. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.11.174</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. International atomic energy agency. Hydrogen Phenomena during Severe Accidents in Water-Cooled Reactors. Training Course Series No. 72. Vienna: IAEA, 2021. IAEA-TCS-72. ISSN 1018-5518. URL: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TCS-72web.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. International atomic energy agency. Hydrogen Phenomena during Severe Accidents in Water-Cooled Reactors. Training Course Series No. 72. Vienna: IAEA, 2021. IAEA-TCS-72. ISSN 1018-5518. URL: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TCS-72web.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Mitigation of Hydrogen Hazards in Severe Accidents in Nuclear Power Plants // International Atomic Energy Agency. – Vienna: IAEA, 2011. – (IAEA-TECDOC-1661). – ISBN 978-92-0-116510-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Mitigation of Hydrogen Hazards in Severe Accidents in Nuclear Power Plants // International Atomic Energy Agency. – Vienna: IAEA, 2011. – (IAEA- TECDOC-1661). – ISBN 978-92-0-116510-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Park, K. Consideration on hydrogen explosion scenario in APR 1400 containment building during small breakup loss of coolant accident / K. Park, C. L. Khor // Nuclear Engineering and Design. – 2015. – Vol. 293. – Pp. 1-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Park, K. Consideration on hydrogen explosion scenario in APR 1400 containment building during small breakup loss of coolant accident / K. Park, C. L. Khor // Nuclear Engineering and Design. – 2015. – Vol. 293. – Pp. 1-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. V. Kotov, V. Bezlepkin, D. Kapitsa. Proceedings of the Ninth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards 21-26 April 2019, Saint Petersburg, Russia. – Vol. 2 / Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. V. Kotov, V. Bezlepkin, D. Kapitsa. Proceedings of the Ninth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards 21-26 April 2019, Saint Petersburg, Russia. – Vol. 2 / Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Патент на полезную модель № 100327 U1 Российская Федерация, МПК G21C 9/016. устройство локализации расплава: № 2010124314/07: заявл. 17.06.2010: опубл. 10.12.2010 / В. В. Безлепкин, В. Г. Сидоров, В. О. Кухтевич [и др.]; заявитель Открытое акционерное общество «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский и проектноконструкторский институт «Атомэнергопроект» (ОАО «СПбАЭП»).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Utility Model Patent No. 100327 U1 Russian Federation, IPC G21C 9/016. melt localization device: No. 2010124314/07: application 17.06.2010: published 10.12.2010 / V. V. Bezlepkin, V. G. Sidorov, V. O. Kukhtevich [et al.]; the applicant is Open Joint Stock Company Saint Petersburg Scientific Research and Design Institute Atomenergoproekt (JSC SPbAEP).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Патент № 2595639 C2 Российская Федерация, МПК G21C 15/00. система пассивного отвода тепла из внутреннего объема защитной оболочки: № 2014148910/07: заявл. 04.12.2014: опубл. 27.08.2016 / В. В. Безлепкин, С. Е. Семашко, И. М. Ивков [и др.]; заявитель Акционерное общество «Научно-исследовательский и проектно-конструкторский институт энергетических технологий «Атомпроект» («АО «Атомпроект»).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Patent No. 2595639 C2, Russian Federation, IPC G21C 15/00. Passive heat dissipation system from the internal volume of a protective shell: No. 2014148910/07: filed on December 4, 2014: published on August 27, 2016 / V. V. Bezlepkin, S. E. Semashko, I. M. Ivkov [et al.]; the applicant is the Joint-Stock Company «Scientific Research and Design Institute of Energy Technologies Atomproekt» («JSC Atomproekt»).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Paladino D., Kiselev A. E. Main outcomes from the Euratom-Rosatom ERCOSAM-SAMARA parallel projects for hydrogen safety of LWR. – In: Proc. ICAPP’15, p. 15357.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Paladino D., Kiselev A. E. Main outcomes from the Euratom-Rosatom ERCOSAM-SAMARA parallel projects for hydrogen safety of LWR. – In: Proc. ICAPP’15, p. 15357.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. International Standard Problem ISP36 CORA-W2 Experiment on Severe Fuel Damage for a Russian Type PWR. – Karlsruhe: Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, 1996. – 179 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. International Standard Problem ISP36 CORA-W2 Experiment on Severe Fuel Damage for a Russian Type PWR. – Karlsruhe: Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, 1996. – 179 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Martinson, Z. R., Gasparini, M., Hobbins, R. R., Petti, D. A., Allison, C. M., Hohorst, J. K., Hagrman, D. L., Vinjamuri, K., &amp; Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC (USA). Div. of Systems Research. (1989). PBF [Power Burst Facility] severe fuel damage test 1-3 test results report.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Martinson, Z. R., Gasparini, M., Hobbins, R. R., Petti, D. A., Allison, C. M., Hohorst, J. K., Hagrman, D. L., Vinjamuri, K., &amp; Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC (USA). Div. of Systems Research. (1989). PBF [Power Burst Facility] severe fuel International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology damage test 1-3 test results report.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Nalezny, C. L., &amp; EG and G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls (USA). Summary of Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s LOFT Program experiments. – 1983.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">.  Nalezny, C. L., &amp; EG and G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls (USA). Summary of Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s LOFT Program experiments. – 1983.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Rogovin M., Frampton G. T. Three Mile Island: a report to the commissioners and to the public / U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Special Inquiry Group. – Washington, D. C.: U.S. GPO. – 1980. – Vol. 1. – 250 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Rogovin M., Frampton G. T. Three Mile Island: a report to the commissioners and to the public / U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Special Inquiry Group. – Washington, D. C.: U.S. GPO. – 1980. – Vol. 1. – 250 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Reinecke E. A., Bentaib A., Kelm S., Jahn W., Meynet N., Caroli C. Open Issues in the Applicability of Recombiner Experiments and Modelling to Reactor Simulations // Prog. Nucl. Energ. – 2010. – 52(1). – Pp. 136-147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Reinecke E. A., Bentaib A., Kelm S., Jahn W., Meynet N., Caroli C. Open Issues in the Applicability of Recombiner Experiments and Modelling to Reactor Simulations // Prog. Nucl. Energ. – 2010. – 52(1). – Pp. 136-147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. OECD/NEA report, «Status Report on Hydrogen Management and Related Computer Codes», Report No. NEA/CSNI/R. – 2014; 8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. OECD/NEA report, «Status Report on Hydrogen Management and Related Computer Codes», Report No. NEA/CSNI/R. – 2014; 8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Аттестационный паспорт программы для электронных вычислительных машин «Программа для численного моделирования тяжелых запроектных аварий, включая образование и перенос радиоактивных веществ, на реакторных установках корпусного типа с водой под давлением типа ВВЭР «СОКРАТ/В3»» от 09.07.2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Certification passport of the program for electronic computing machines «Program for numerical modeling of severe off-design accidents, including the formation and transfer of radioactive substances, on pressure-water reactor units of the VVER “SOKRAT/ V3” type» dated 09.07.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Аттестационный паспорт программы для электронных вычислительных машин «Программа для численного моделирования внутрикорпусной стадии запроектных аварий на реакторных установка с водой под давлением «СОКРАТ-В1/В2»» от 19.08.2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Certification passport of the program for electronic computing machines «Program for Numerical Simulation of the Intratherminal Stage of Out-of-Design Accidents at the SOKRAT-V1/V2 Pressurized Water Reactor» dated 19.08.2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Аттестационный паспорт программы для электронных вычислительных машин «КУПОЛ-М версия 1.10а» от 28.01.2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Certification passport of the program for electronic computing machines «KUPOL-M version 1.10a» dated 28.01.2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Верификация кода КУПОЛ-М по результатам экспериментов / А. Д. Ефанов, А. А. Лукьянов, Н. Н. Шаньгин [и др.] // Теплоэнергетика. – 2004. – № 2. – С. 12-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Verification of the KUPOL-M code based on the results of experiments / A. D. Efanov, A. A. Luk- yanov, N. N. Shangin [et al.] // Thermal Power Engineering. – 2004. – No. 2. – Pp. 12-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Аттестационный паспорт программного средства LIMITS-V 1.0, № 382, Москва: Федеральная служба по экологическому, технологическому и атомному надзору (Ростехнадзор), 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Certification passport of the software LIMITS-V 1.0, No. 382, Moscow: Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision (Rostekhnadzor), 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Аттестационный паспорт программного средства FIRECON 1.0, № 381, Москва: Федеральная служба по экологическому, технологическому и атомному надзору (Ростехнадзор), 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Certification certificate of the FIRECON 1.0 software, No. 381, Moscow: Federal Service for Environmental, Technological, and Nuclear Supervision (Rostekhnadzor), 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Анализ режимов горения водорода и расчет нагрузок на защитную оболочку АЭС / С. Е. Семашко, Ю. В. Крылов, М. А. Альтбреген [и др.] // Теплоэнергетика. – 2004. – № 2. – С. 43-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Analysis of hydrogen combustion modes and calculation of loads on the protective shell of a nuclear power plant / S. E. Semashko, Yu. V. Krylov, M. A. Altbregen [et al.] // Thermal Power Engineering. – 2004. – No. 2. – Pp. 43-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Звонарёв Ю. А., Цуриков Д. Ф., Кобзарь В. Л., Волчек А. М., Киселёв Н. П., Стрижов В. Ф., Филиппов А. С., Моисеенко Е. В. Численный анализ эффективности ловушки расплава для ВВЭР-1200 // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. Серия: Физика ядерных реакторов. 2010. № 1. С. 68-78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Zvonarev Yu. A., Tsurikov D. F., Kobzar V. L., Volchek A.M., Kiselev N. P., Strizhov V. F., Filippov A. S., Moiseenko E. V. Numerical analysis of melt trap efficiency for VVER-1200 // Issues of atomic science and technology. Series: Physics of nuclear reactors. – 2010. – No. 1. – Pp. 68-78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Саляри Ф., Рабии А., Фагихи Ф. Исследование роли ловушки расплава в контайменте ВВЭР-1000/V528 с использованием кода MELCOR // Nuclear Science and Techniques. – 2021. – Т. 32. – С. 100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Salari F., Rabii A., Faghihi F. Study of the role of the melt trap in the containment of VVER-1000/V528 using the MELCOR code // Nuclear Science and Techniques. – 2021. – Vol. 32. – P. 100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
