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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">alternative</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-8298</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15518/isjaee.2026.03.203-236</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">alternative-2796</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>IV. ВОДОРОДНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА 12. Водородная экономика. 12-5-12-0 Новые способы получения водорода</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>IV. HYDROGEN ECONOMY 12. Hydrogen economy. 12-5-12-0 Novel hydrogen production methods</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Модернизация российских тепловых электростанций, работающих на природном газе, для производства водорода: сравнительная оценка стратегий отбора и возврата пара</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Retrofitting Russian natural gas thermal power plants for hydrogen production: comparative assessment of steam extraction and return strategies</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7544-920X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Найпак</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Naypak</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Найпак Ксения Александровна, инженер, аспирант очнойформы обучения Института энергетик</p><p>195251, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p><p>195009, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Ватутина, д. 3, лит. А</p><p>Scopus ID: 58639899300</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Naypak Ksenia Alexandrovna, Engineer, full-time postgraduate student at the Institute of Energy</p><p>195251, Saint Petersburg, Polytekhnicheskaya St., 29</p><p>195009, Saint Petersburg, Vatutina St., 3, Lit. A</p><p>Scopus ID: 58639899300</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аль-Зувайни</surname><given-names>Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Al-Zuwaini</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аль-Зувайни Хашим Махмуд Хашим, Преподаватель, заведующий отделом исследований и разработок, Кандидат техническихнаук </p><p>195251, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p><p>61001, Ирак, Басра, район Аль-Захраа, улица Аль-Тиджари</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Al-Zuwaini Hashim Mahmood Hashim, Lecturer, Head of the Research and Development Department, Candidate of Technical Sciences </p><p>195251, Saint Petersburg, Polytekhnicheskaya St., 29</p><p>61001, Iraq, Basrah, Alzahraa District, Altijari Street</p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садеги</surname><given-names>Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadeghi</surname><given-names>Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Садеги Хашаяр, доцент Высшей школы атомной и тепловой энергетики (ВШАиТЭ), кандидат технических наук</p><p>195251, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p><p>255400, Китай, Шаньдун, Цзыбо</p><p>Scopus ID: 57212565952</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sadeghi Khashayar, Associate Professor at the Higher School of Nuclear and Thermal Power Engineering (HSNTPE), Candidate of Technical Sciences (PhD equivalent)</p><p>195251, Saint Petersburg, Polytekhnicheskaya St., 29</p><p>255400 Shandong, China, Zibo</p><p>Scopus ID: 57212565952</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sadegi_h@spbstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аникина</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Anikina</surname><given-names>I. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аникина Ирина Дмитриевна, доцент Высшей школы атомной и тепловой энергетики (ВШАиТЭ), кандидат техническихнаук</p><p>195251, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p><p>Scopus ID: 57364304400</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anikina Irina Dmitrievna, associate professor of the HigherSchool of Nuclear and Heat Power Engineering, Ph. D. of Engineering Sciences</p><p>195251, Saint Petersburg, Polytekhnicheskaya St., 29</p><p>Scopus ID: 57364304400</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-6258</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Соколова Екатерина Андреевна, Доцент,  Кандидат техническихнаук</p><p>195251, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p><p>Scopus ID: 57192216166 WoS ResearcherID: AAE-5949-2021</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sokolova Ekaterina Andreevna, Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences (PhD equivalent)</p><p>195251, Saint Petersburg, Polytekhnicheskaya St., 29</p><p>Scopus ID: 57192216166 WoS ResearcherID: AAE-5949-2021</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8082-6862</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Газаи</surname><given-names>С. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ghazaie</surname><given-names>S. H.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Газаи Сайед Хади, Доцент,  Кандидат технических наук</p><p>195251, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p><p>Scopus ID: 57212557248 WoS ResearcherID: AAT-4576-2020</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ghazaie Seyed Hadi, Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences (PhD equivalent)</p><p>195251, Saint Petersburg, Polytekhnicheskaya St., 29</p><p>Scopus ID: 57212557248 WoS ResearcherID: AAT-4576-2020</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6289-325X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Первый проректор, профессор, Доктор технических наук </p><p>195251, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p><p>Scopus ID: 56042381200 WoS ResearcherID: AAU-2845-2020 РИНЦ AuthorID: 433503</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergeev Vitaly Vladimirovich, First Vice-Rector, Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences </p><p>195251, Saint Petersburg, Polytekhnicheskaya St., 29</p><p>Scopus ID: 56042381200 WoS ResearcherID: AAU-2845-2020</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого; АО «Силовые машины»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University; Power Machines JSC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого; Басрийский университет нефти и газа (BUOG)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University; Basrah University for Oil and Gas (BUOG)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого; ООО «Шаньдун Мэйлин Кемикал Эквипмент»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University; Shandong Meiling Chemical Equipment Co. Ltd</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>203</fpage><lpage>236</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2796">https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2796</self-uri><abstract><p>Модернизация существующих тепловых электростанций (ТЭС), работающих на природном газе, для интегрированного производства водорода требует минимизации термодинамических потерь, связанных с отбором пара. В данном исследовании разработана термоэкономическая схема, основанная на коэффициенте потерь мощности (КП), для анализа и оптимизации этого компромисса. Проверенная модель крупномасштабной российской ТЭС (ТЭЦ-22) соединена с модульной системой высокотемпературного парового электролиза (HTSE), смоделированной в Aspen HYSYS. Проведено тщательное сравнение двух стратегий реинтеграции пара и конденсата: традиционной схемы конденсатора пара и новой схемы парогенератора, которая перенаправляет поток в систему регенеративной подачи воды. Пароводяной цикл основной ТЭС моделируется и проверяется с помощью United Cycle на основе реальных эксплуатационных данных, что позволяет достичь погрешности менее 0,02 % после учета закачки воды для регулирования температуры пара. Модули HTSE моделируются в Aspen HYSYS как точная копия эталонного дизайна, утвержденного Национальной лабораторией Айдахо. Проводится всесторонняя количественная оценка неопределенности, включая анализ чувствительности (диаграмма торнадо), сезонную оценку производительности (летний/зимний режимы) и анализ деградации SOEC за 5-летний период (0,5-0,75 % за 1000 часов). Результаты показывают, что конфигурация с пароконвектоматом снижает PLF с 1,7 % до 0,1 % летом и с 5,6 % до 4,9 % зимой, сохраняя электрическую мощность до 14 МВт по сравнению со схемой с пароконденсатором. Это улучшение приводит к последовательному снижению себестоимости водорода (LCOH2) примерно на 16-17 % как в 2021, так и в 2025 годах в российских экономических условиях, что приводит к средним значениям LCOH2 на уровне 3,56-6,51 долл./кг при скорости производства водорода 0,2 кг/с на модуль. Удельный выброс CO2 в предлагаемой системе составляет 0,056 кг СО₂/кг H2, что на два порядка ниже, чем у серого водорода, и значительно ниже, чем у зеленого водорода, получаемого при возобновляемом электролизе. Полученные результаты дают важнейшие рекомендации по тепловому проектированию, демонстрируя, что стратегия возврата конденсата является решающим параметром эффективности и экономической целесообразности перепрофилирования теплоэнергетических активов для когенерации водорода.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Retrofitting existing natural gas thermal power plants (TPPs) for integrated hydrogen production requires minimizing the inherent thermodynamic penalty of steam extraction. This study develops a power loss factor (PLF)-based thermo-economic framework to analyze and optimize this trade-off. A validated model of a large-scale Russian TPP (TPP-22) is coupled with a modular high-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) system simulated in Aspen HYSYS. </p><p>Two steam-condensate reintegration strategies are rigorously compared: a conventional steam-condenser scheme and a novel steam-heater scheme that redirects flow to the regenerative feedwater system. The steam-water cycle of the host TPP is modeled and validated using United Cycle against real operational data, achieving an error of less than 0.02 % after accounting for water injection for steam temperature control. The HTSE modules are simulated in Aspen HYSYS as an exact replica of the validated Idaho National Laboratory reference design. A comprehensive uncertainty quantification is performed, including sensitivity analysis (tornado diagram), seasonal performance assessment (summer/ winter modes), and SOEC degradation analysis over a 5-year period (0.5-0.75 % per 1,000 hours). Results show that the steam-heater configuration reduces the PLF from 1.7 % to 0.1 % in summer and from 5.6 % to 4.9 % in winter, preserving up to 14 MW of electrical output compared to the steam-condenser scheme. This improvement translates into a consistent reduction of the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH2) by approximately 16-17 % under both 2021 and 2025 Russian economic conditions, yielding average LCOH2 values of 3.56-6.51 $/kg for hydrogen production rates of 0.2 kg/s per module. The specific CO2 emissions of the proposed system are 0.056 kg CO₂/kg H2, which is two orders of magnitude lower than grey hydrogen and significantly below green hydrogen from renewable electrolysis. The results provide a critical thermal design guideline, demonstrating that condensate return strategy is a decisive parameter for the efficiency and economic viability of repurposing thermal power assets for hydrogen co-generation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тепловая электростанция (ТЭС)</kwd><kwd>высокотемпературный паровой электролиз (ВТПЭ)</kwd><kwd>удельная себестоимость водорода (LCOH2)</kwd><kwd>коэффициент потерь мощности (КПМ)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thermal power plant</kwd><kwd>high temperature steam electrolysis</kwd><kwd>levelized cost of hydrogen</kwd><kwd>power loss coefficient.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Faisal, T. Tursoy and N. G. Resatoglu. Energy Consumption, Electricity, and GDP Causality; The Case of Russia, 1990-2011. 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