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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">alternative</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Альтернативная энергетика и экология (ISJAEE)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-8298</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15518/isjaee.2026.04.010-057</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">alternative-2809</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>II. НЕВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМАЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИКА. 9. Атомная энергетика. 9-1-0-0 Атомно-водородная энергетика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>II. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY. 9. Atomic energy. 9-1-0-0 Atomic-hydrogen energy</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экономика водородной энергетики в условиях перехода к «зеленой» энергетике в мире и России. Часть III. Прогресс в ядерно-водородных программах ведущих стран</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economics of hydrogen energy of the green transition in the world and Russia. Part III. Progress in nuclear-hydrogen programs of leading countries</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3920-7389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусев</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusev</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Леонидович Гусев – крупный учёный в области альтернативной энергетики и экологии, советский и российский военный инженер‑конструктор и испытатель новейших образцов ракетной, космической и атомной техники. Основатель, учредитель и главный редактор Международного научного журнала«Альтернативная энергетика и экология»(ISJAEE).</p><p>452613, Республика Башкортостан, г. Октябрьский, ул. Юности, д. 18;  85310, Будва, Почтовый ящик 5; 8230, Несебр, Западный жилой район Солнечного берега, Комплекс Aphrodite Palace, Этаж 1, Квартира 19</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander Leonidovich Gusev is a prominent scientist in the fields of alternative energy and ecology, a former Soviet and Russian military design engineer and test specialist for advanced missile, space, and nuclear technologies. He is the founder and Editor‑in‑Chief of the International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)</p><p>452613, Republic of Bashkortostan, Oktyabrsky, Yunosti St., 18; 85310, Montenegro, Budva, Post Box Office 5; 8230, Bulgaria, Nesebar, Sunny Beach West Residential Area, Aphrodite Palace Complex, Floor 1, Apartment 19</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарян</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharyan</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Захарян Роберт Артушевич - кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры</p><p>0014, Ереван, ул. П. Севака, 5/2 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zakharyan Robert Artushevich - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department</p><p>0014,  Yerevan, P. Sevak St., 5/2 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zakharianrobert96@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт водородной экономики; Научно-технический центр «ТАТА»; Фермалтех Монтенегро Лимитед; Научно-инновационный центр «КРИОС»; Fermaltech Limited</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Hydrogen Economy ; Fermaltech Montenegro Limited; &#13;
Scientific-Innovative Center «CRYOS»; Fermaltech Limited</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт химической физики им. А. Б. Налбандяна НАН РА</institution><country>Армения</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A. B. Nalbandyan Institute of Chemical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia</institution><country>Armenia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>10</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс, 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Международный издательский дом научной периодики "Спейс</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.isjaee.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2809">https://www.isjaee.com/jour/article/view/2809</self-uri><abstract><p>Часть III этого международного исследования, состоящего из пяти частей, объединяет и расширяет концептуальные, методологические и технологические основы, заложенные в частях I-II, представляя первую комплексную оценку того, как различные европейские государства вносят вклад в формирование континентальной ядерно-водородной архитектуры. Основываясь на теоретической модели ядерно-водородной парадигмы и глобальной типологии ядерно-водородных держав, разработанной ранее в исследовании, в этой статье анализируются новые стратегии Люксембурга, Лихтенштейна, Германии, Польши, Венгрии и Сербии стран, роль которых остается недостаточно изученной в существующих исследованиях, но которые оказывают все большее влияние на формирование траектории обезуглероживания Европы.</p><p>Анализ демонстрирует, как неядерные микрогосударства (Люксембург, Лихтенштейн) становятся регулирующими, финансовыми и логистическими узлами водородной экономики благодаря участию в трансграничных системах сертификации, механизмах устойчивого финансирования и европейской водородной магистрали. Германия, после поэтапного отказа от ядерной энергетики, строит одну из самых амбициозных водородных экосистем в Европе, опираясь на передовые исследования в области термохимических циклов, безопасности SMR и крупномасштабного электролиза. Польша и Венгрия строят ядерные платформы нового поколения (AP1000, ВВЭР-1200), формирующие технологическую основу для будущего производства высокотемпературного водорода. Сербия создает институциональные основы гражданской ядерной программы и изучает производство водорода на основе SMR в качестве стратегического вектора национальной модернизации.</p><p>Объединяя эти страновые траектории с оригинальными технологическими концепциями автора, включая ядерно-азотный цикл, плазменный электролиз, криогенную водородную инфраструктуру и ядерно-металлургическую связь, часть III формирует центральную аналитическую ось всего исследования. Она связывает теоретическую парадигму частей I-II со стратегической дорожной картой исследований и разработок и концепцией водородной цивилизации, разработанной в частях IV-V, создавая единую многоуровневую модель для понимания эволюции ядерно-водородных систем в Европе и за ее пределами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Part III of this five-part international study consolidates and extends the conceptual, methodological, and technological foundations established in Parts I-II, presenting the first integrated assessment of how diverse European states contribute to the formation of a continental nuclear-hydrogen architecture. Building on the theoretical model of the nuclear-hydrogen paradigm and the global typology of nuclear-hydrogen powers developed earlier in the study, this article analyzes the emerging strategies of Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Serbia countries whose roles remain underrepresented in existing research yet are increasingly influential in shaping Europe’s decarbonization trajectory.</p><p>The analysis demonstrates how non-nuclear microstates (Luxembourg, Liechtenstein) become regulatory, financial, and logistical nodes of the hydrogen economy through participation in cross-border certification systems, sustainablefinance mechanisms, and the European Hydrogen Backbone. Germany, following its nuclear phase-out, is constructing one of Europe’s most ambitious hydrogen ecosystems, supported by advanced research in thermochemical cycles, SMR safety, and large-scale electrolysis. Poland and Hungary are building next-generation nuclear platforms (AP1000, VVER-1200), forming the technological basis for future high-temperature hydrogen production. Serbia is establishing the institutional foundations of a civilian nuclear program and exploring SMR-based hydrogen generation as a strategic vector of national modernization.</p><p>Integrating these country-level trajectories with the author’s original technological concepts including the nuclearnitrogen cycle, plasma electrolysis, cryogenic hydrogen infrastructure, and nuclear-metallurgical coupling Part III forms the central analytical axis of the entire study. It links the theoretical paradigm of Parts I-II with the strategic R&amp;D roadmap and the hydrogen-civilization framework developed in Parts IV-V, establishing a unified multilevel model for understanding the evolution of nuclear-hydrogen systems in Europe and beyond.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ядерно-водородные системы</kwd><kwd>водородная интеграция</kwd><kwd>внедрение SMR</kwd><kwd>европейский энергетический переход</kwd><kwd>нормативные архитектуры</kwd><kwd>национальные стратегии</kwd><kwd>ядерно-азотный цикл</kwd><kwd>плазменный электролиз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nuclear-hydrogen systems</kwd><kwd>hydrogen integration</kwd><kwd>SMR deployment</kwd><kwd>European energy transition</kwd><kwd>regulatory architectures</kwd><kwd>national strategies</kwd><kwd>nuclear-nitrogen cycle</kwd><kwd>plasma electrolysis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. 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