DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF THE CRYOGENIC LAUNCH AND BENCH COMPLEXES OF THE ROCKET AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY

The paper briefly describes the creation of PJSC “Cryogenmash”, which appearance and development is inextricably linked with the origin of the cryogenic engineering industry in the USSR, as well as the development of cosmonautics and rocket engineering. The paper describes the tasks solved by leading specialists to create infrastructure for providing the cryogenic fuel components, bench systems for testing of engines and missile blocks, thermo-vacuum chambers, thermostating systems of compartments and the high-boiling fuel components. It was noted that the domestic basic cryogenic equipment surpassed the ones of foreign firms in many respects and solved the issue of effective and explosion-proof operation technology at all stages of the construction of launch and stand complexes. The organization of effective and safe cooling processes in the flow of liquid hydrogen and oxygen at refueling of rocket tanks, which were used in the BR “Ehergy” systems, is considered in detail. The advantages of this technology are shown in comparison with cooling in the storage tanks by evacuation of the vapor space. The cold of liquid hydrogen leaving the vacuum system was used in the liquid oxygen deep cooling system of the “Buran” spacecraft. The paper deals with the development of thermostating systems for providing temperature and humidity parameters in the rocket sections, under which the stable and trouble-free operation of devices and mechanisms is guaranteed, as well as the thermostating of high-boiling components of the fuel. The emphasis is placed on the development of systems based on air turboexpander units instead of the vapor compression machines. The authors attach the importance to the creation of a number of space simulators, including one of the largest in the world (with a volume of 10,000 m 3 ). The tasks that have been solved for the successful operation of the equipment are considered: the problems of strength and stability of the camera shell, ensuring tightness, selection of powerful means for safe evacuation and other important aspects of creating space simulators. It is noted that the experience of creating cryogenic equipment for launching complexes is fully used in the creation of new cosmodromes and, above all, the “Vostochny” cosmodrome.

cryogenic complex, launch complex, bench complex, booster rocket, thermostating system, space imitator

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