HOLOGRAPHIC SENSORS FOR DIAGNOSTICS OF COMPONENTS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS

The review gives the main points of the current state of holographic sensors development based both on researches of foreign scientists and on the results of the only group in Russia dealing with this problem. Holographic sensors are a new class of diagnostic devices that are thick-layered holograms recorded instead of gelatin in a special hydrogel that reacts to the presence of certain substances in liquid and gas mixtures. The cross-links of the hydrogel matrix are tuned to the test component of the mixture, and the more the hydrogel layer of the sensor shrinks or swells, the higher the component concentration is. This mechanism makes it possible to quantify the concentration of a particular substance. The paper describes the main properties, advantages, measuring capabilities, and possible applications of the holographic sensors. In this case, water quality studies are very promising, both in urban water supply systems and for monitoring ecosystems in natural reservoirs. Moreover, with the holographic sensors it is possible to measure the hardness and acidity of water, as well as pollution with ions of heavy metals, bacteria and their spores, etc. To monitor the atmosphere, there are specially designed holographic sensors that allow determining the content of combustible hydrocarbon gases in air, and air humidity and temperature. The sensors can also be widely used in medicine in order to determine the concentrations of a wide range of compounds contained in biological fluids. The review discusses in detail the problems that arise when analyzing the level of glucose in blood plasma and serum and draws the comparison of holographic sensors with existing diagnostic tools. We consider the possibilities of using digital imaging technology, including smartphones, as an alternative to spectrometric registration of the sensor response because, compared with spectrometers, widespread digital photographic equipment significantly simplifies the measurements and reduces their cost. This is very important for the operative monitoring of environmental parameters, especially in the field. The review details the problems of measuring the wavelength of the light reflected from the sensor for different types of data available in digital cameras (image formats). Based on the arguments available in the literature, the authors substantiate the importance of designing holographic sensors for the growing sector of the express diagnostic market in practical medicine.

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