Анализ пригодности золошлаковых отходов ТЭС в качестве материалов для хранения водородного топлива

Установлены современные тенденции в энергетике, основной из которых является применение альтернативных источников энергии, особенно водорода. Описаны наиболее распространенные способы аккумуляции водорода: аккумуляция сжатого газообразного водорода в резервуарах высокого давления; аккумуляция жидкого водорода в криогенных резервуарах; хранение водорода в химически связанном состоянии; аккумуляция газообразного водорода в носителях с высокой удельной поверхностью. По совокупности преимуществ и недостатков выбраны наиболее перспективные методы аккумуляции: хранение жидкого водорода и хранение водорода в носителях с высокой удельной поверхностью. Выявлено основное требование к материалам для хранения водорода данными методами – высокая удельная поверхность. Обоснована перспективность развития безотходных низкоэмиссионных технологий за счет рециклинга вторичного сырья и разработки способов низкотемпературных технологий синтеза функциональных и конструкционных материалов. Показана применимость крупнотоннажных золошлаковых отходов угольных электростанций в качестве сырья для получения материалов по низкотемпературным технологиям. Описаны традиционные пути использования золошлаковых отходов в качестве сырья, активной добавки и наполнителя при производстве цементов. Представлены современные технологии производства инновационных материалов, обладающих уникальным комплексом свойств, а именно углеродные нанотрубки, кремнеземный аэрогель и геополимерные материалы. Обоснована перспективность использования геополимерных матриц в качестве прекурсора для синтеза ряда материалов, выбран наиболее многообещающий вид материалов – геополимерные пены, применяемые, в основном, в качестве сорбентов для очистки жидкостей и газов или аккумуляции целевых продуктов, а также в качестве теплоизоляционных материалов. Показана возможность получения на основе геополимерных матриц изделий любой формы и размеров без высокотемпературной обработки. Обоснована особая эффективность разработки технологии пористых гранул и порошков, получаемых из геополимерного прекурсора с помощью различных методов. Полученные гранулы могут быть применены в следующих технологиях хранения водорода: непосредственное аккумулирование водорода в пористых гранулах; создание изолирующих слоев агрегатов для хранения жидкого водорода.

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