Биологическое получение водорода: от базовых принципов к последним достижениям в улучшении процесса

Разработка безуглеродных видов топлива является приоритетным направлением современных исследований, в связи с неминуемым сокращением запасов ископаемого топлива и экологическими проблемами, вызванными их сжиганием. Одним из перспективных видов топлива является водород, обладающий высокой теплотой сгорания и образующих воду в качестве единственного продукта сгорания. В последнее время интенсивно разрабатываются и применяются методы получения водорода при помощи живых объектов – микроорганизмов, использующих напрямую энергию солнца и/или позволяющих эффективно утилизировать органические отходы без использования большого количества дополнительной энергии. В данном обзоре рассматриваются базовые принципы основных светозависимых (биофотолиз, фотоферментация) и светонезависимых (темновая ферментация и микробный электролиз) методов биологического получения водорода. Особое внимание уделено достоинствам и недостаткам этих методов, возможности объединения в единую систему, а также различным стратегиям улучшения продукции биоводорода, направленным на переход от лабораторных исследований к полномасштабному применению.

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