Currently, there is an acute problem of rising energy prices, aggravated by a parallel increase in consumption and, as a result, waste volumes. Anthropogenic impact on the environment is caused not only by the depletion of natural resources, but also, to a large extent, by the accumulation of significant volumes of organic waste from the agricultural and processing sectors. Within the framework of the strategy for reducing the negative impact, based on the principles of «green chemistry», a number of technological solutions are considered, including the cultivation of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), microalgae, and anaerobic fermentation of organic waste. The objective of this study is to assess the prospects for integrating the above-mentioned technologies for the disposal of organic waste with minimal carbon dioxide emissions and optimization of costs for the disposal processes, production of feed additives and biohydrogen. The focus of the study is the development of a concept for the integration of the considered disposal technologies, as well as the formation of material and energy balances of a complex of integrated technologies. The proposed integration concept allows for the efficient conversion of waste into valuable energy sources and products, such as fertilizers and feed additives. The developed complex of integrated technologies is potentially capable of completely compensating for in-house energy needs by utilizing the produced biogas in a cogeneration unit. However, this conclusion requires verification by means of additional comprehensive testing, taking into account the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of organic waste and local climatic conditions. Prospects for using the produced hydrogen in agriculture cover several areas, including seed treatment, use as a hormonal regulator to reduce stress factors during cultivation, stimulation of root formation, antioxidant protection and shelf life extension. In addition, the possibility of using hydrogen in internal combustion engines to increase the compression ratio and reduce exhaust emissions is being considered.

The article proposes and substantiates the concept of combining a nuclear power plant (NPP) with a hydrogen complex and a gas turbine unit (GTU) for the efficient conversion of “failure” (undemanded) NPP electricity into peak electricity. The hydrogen complex is a means of providing NPPs with a base load in the context of their involvement in regulating the daily unevenness of the electric load with an increase in their share in the energy system, as well as taking into account the decarbonization strategy. Undemanded electricity is used for water electrolysis to produce hydrogen (and oxygen), which is then burned in an oxygen environment in the GTU combustion chamber during peak demand hours. The fundamental process flow diagram of the hydrogen complex is presented, including a two-stage hydrogen-oxygen combustion chamber based on ultra-high-temperature ceramics as part of the GTU. It has been preliminarily established that the start-stop mode of the GTU is the most economical in terms of hydrogen consumption. The expediency of abandoning compressors as part of the hydrogen complex due to the use of high-pressure electrolysis is substantiated. A review of international experience is provided, confirming the technological readiness for the use of hydrogen gas turbines.

The increase in the share of nuclear power plants in energy systems, uneven consumption of electric energy and active introduction of renewable sources with unstable power generation mode into the world energy systems force nuclear power plants to operate in an alternating mode. At the same time, it is advisable to operate NPPs with the maximum coefficient of use of the installed capacity due to significant capital investments in the construction of the plant at a relatively low price for nuclear fuel. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the energy accumulation systems at NPPs previously developed by the authors: a thermal energy accumulation system based on the phase transition of a specially selected material and, as an alternative to a phase transition heat accumulator, an autonomous hydrogen energy complex is studied in the paper, including an electrolysis system for the production of hydrogen and oxygen, gas storage facilities, compressor units, a hydrogen-oxygen combustion chamber, and a hot water tank. For the energy complexes under study, the technical and system conditions under which a positive economic effect is achieved are determined, the boundary conditions under which the payback of the invested funds is achieved are shown. The accumulation systems were studied using the example of an installation at a NPP with a WWER-1200 reactor together with an additional steam turbine, which, as was previously proven by the authors, can be used to supply the station’s own power needs when it is disconnected from the power system by using the reactor’s power or its residual heat. Thus, the developed accumulation systems allow, under certain conditions, to obtain additional profit, recouping the capital investment in themselves, and provide additional backup for the station’s own needs in the event of disconnection from the power system.

Prospective large-scale nuclear power should have guaranteed safety, economic sustainability and competitiveness, no limitations on the raw material base for a long period of time, and environmental sustainability (low-waste). These conditions are met by nuclear power systems with fast neutron reactors with liquid metal coolant. Compliance with high safety standards is an indispensable condition for large-scale development of nuclear power in the XXI century. The article formulates requirements and peculiarities of specialists training for the nuclear industry, emphasizes the importance of operational training of specialists for implementation of plans for construction of new NPP power units, including those with fast neutron reactors. Possibilities of methodology application for NPP operational personnel training on analytical and full-scale power unit simulators for training of young specialists and students of profile specialties of core universities of Rosenergoatom Concern for the purpose of acquisition and improvement of qualities necessary for work, acquisition of knowledge necessary for labor activity and reduction of training terms for new positions are considered.

The actual global use of organic waste (OW) potentially suitable for the production of hydrogen carriers is about 6,14% with a total energy potential of more than 6,5 million MWh/year. It is known that among all possible methods of OW processing, the anaerobic digestion (AD) method is one of the most preferable. This paper presents the main methods of AD process intensification (two-stage AD, pre-treatment in a vortex layer apparatus, integration of a microbial electrolysis cell and AD, use of solar energy) combined into complex bioelectrochemical system (BES) using the principles of circular bioeconomy (production and consumption of goods, services and energy based on the use of biomass) focused on the production of green energy from OW using solar energy. The objective of this paper is to present the results of a comprehensive integration of the principles of circular bioeconomy, OW processing, and the use of renewable energy sources in the agricultural sector in terms of biomass conversion into green energy. The application of the developed complex BES allowed to convert solar energy into biomethane and thereby improve both the conversion of organic matter into gaseous hydrogen carriers and the quality of biohythane. The solar energy conversion coefficient was 11,6: 1 kWh of the received solar energy can be converted into 11,6 kWh of energy stored in biomethane when processing about 0,9 m³ of OW with a total energy yield of 71 kWh. The obtained results can be useful in scaling up BES used for sustainable energy supply with simultaneous processing of OW, allowing for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient utilization of OW with subsequent use of the effluent as a biofertilizer.

This study explores the principles of convective heat transfer under supercritical pressure to optimize hydrogen production through thermocatalytic and thermochemical decomposition of hydrocarbons. Experimental investigations using n-heptane, toluene, and benzene have identified key mechanisms that enhance heat transfer, which are crucial for improving hydrogen generation efficiency.

Results indicate that at high heat flux density and reactor wall temperatures, the laminar boundary layer breaks down, leading to the active release of gaseous hydrogen, accompanied by a sharp increase in the heat transfer coefficient. Thermocatalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons is a fundamental process in modern hydrogen energy, allowing CO₂ – free hydrogen production.

During decomposition, hydrocarbon molecules undergo high-temperature exposure in the presence of catalysts, such as nickel and iron compounds, accelerating reactions and increasing hydrogen yield. This method is widely applied in hydrogen production, carbon material synthesis, fuel technology development, and petrochemical processing. Hydrogen derived through this process can be utilized in fuel cells and energy systems, reducing dependency on conventional energy sources.

These findings are critical for advancing industrial technologies with high energy efficiency, ensuring reliable hydrogen production and its integration into diverse industries.

Key Contributions of the Study: this article provides an in-depth analysis of convective heat transfer principles to refine hydrogen production methods. A thorough review of literature and contributions from notable scientists – T. N. Veziroglu, A. L. Gusev, S. V. Alekseenko, N. V. Chernyak, B. S. Petukhov, D. I. Slovetsky, N. A. Bulychev, among others – highlights advancements in hydrogen technologies and thermophysics.

Main Topics Discussed:

1. Fundamental principles of thermocatalytic hydrocarbon decomposition at high temperatures.
2. Experimental analysis of heat transfer in n-heptane, toluene, and benzene under supercritical conditions.
3. Commercialization strategies for hydrogen technologies, including global projects such as NEOM, NortH2, and HyNet.
4. Challenges in hydrogen transportation and storage, with a focus on infrastructure safety.
5. Catalysts used in hydrocarbon decomposition reactions and future development prospects.
6. International partnerships and collaborations, including Russian and Montenegrin research initiatives.

The study is supported by experimental data and graphs, demonstrating how supercritical parameters influence heat transfer efficiency and hydrogen release. Additionally, the paper clarifies methodologies for calculating heat transfer coefficients and evaluating measurement errors.

Consideration of a wide class of energy – intensive objects (thermal devices, electric machines and vehicles) shows that at present their control systems practically do not use the possibilities of energy-saving management. There are a large number of statements of tasks for energy-saving management of dynamic facilities, as well as structural schemes of control systems. An important factor in achieving the energy-saving effect is the determination of optimal control actions, taking into account possible changes in operating situations. The structure of an expanded set of states of functioning of technical systems has been developed, which comprehensively takes into account the states of operability of system parts, production situations and the state of the external environment, characterized by a fuzzy set. A method is proposed for constructing an extended set of functional states with discrete states, which are characterized by an indicator of a probabilistic nature satisfying the normalization condition. Various strategies and structural schemes of optimal control systems are considered.

The concept of sustainable development (SD), first presented in the UN report «Our Common Future» (1987), remains a key guideline of modern society, balancing economic progress and environmental stability. This problem is becoming particularly relevant in the context of global climate change, which is most pronounced in the Arctic region, where warming is twice as intense as the global average.

The degradation of permafrost, which occupies about 70% of Russia’s territory, causes serious consequences: thermokarst processes, subsidence of soil and destruction of infrastructure. A striking example was the complete disintegration of the island of Mesyatsev (Franz Josef Land archipelago) in 2024.

Artificial intelligence plays a special role, allowing you to analyze huge arrays of geodata. Neural network models (U-Net, DeepLab, Segment Anything) effectively detect thermokarst lakes, cracks, and other signs of permafrost degradation. However, the application of AI faces methodological challenges: the «big data paradox», the problem of formalizing natural processes, and the skepticism of the scientific community.

The prospects for development are related to the integration of interdisciplinary approaches, the improvement of educational programs and international cooperation between the Arctic states.