ПРОТОННО-ОБМЕННЫЕ МЕМБРАНЫ НА ОСНОВЕ ГЕТЕРОПОЛИСОЕДИНЕНИЙ ДЛЯ НИЗКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫХ ТОПЛИВНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ

В обзоре проанализирована научная литература по использованию гетерополисоединений, твердых протонных проводников, полимерных протонно-обменных мембран для низкотемпературных топливных элементов. Кратко рассмотрены функции электролитов, выполняемые при работе в составе топливных элементов, и предъявляемые к ним требования, структура и транспортные свойства перфторированных протонно-обменных мембран – основных кандидатов на практическое применение в топливных элементах, – отмечены основные недостатки мембран, ограничивающие их использование. Отдельное внимание в обзоре уделено структуре и свойствам гетерополисоединений. Подробно рассмотрены свойства гетерополикислот (фосфор- и кремневольфрамовых), содержащих анионы со структурой Кеггина. В основной части обзора проанализированы методы получения композитных мембран на основе перфторированных и ароматических сульфосодержащих полимеров и гетерополисоединений и экспериментальные данные по влиянию природы и содержания гетерополисоединений на транспортные свойства полимерного электролита. Показано, что модифицирование гетерополисоединениями полимерных мембран является одним из перспективных методов улучшения их характеристик. Благодаря наличию собственной протонной проводимости и высокой гидрофильности, введение гетерополисоединений в полимерный электролит в ряде случаев позволяет существенно улучшить их протонную проводимость, особенно при повышенных температурах, а также уменьшить проницаемость по метанолу. В заключительной части обзора рассмотрены данные по использованию композитных полимерных электролитов, содержащих гетерополисоединения, в топливных элементах, проанализировано влияние гетерополисоединений на характеристики электрохимических устройств. Показано, что введение гетерополисоединений в мембрану позволяет существенно повысить рабочую температуру эксплуатации и характеристики топливного элемента.

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