Role of an Environmental Factor in the Development of Urban Heating Systems

The paper focuses on multi-objective optimization of heat sources which aims to provide reliable and safe heat supply to consumers and minimal environmental impact of heating facilities. This is a structural optimization problem of a non-linear discrete nature which is difficult to formalize. The generally accepted approach to solving the problem of urban heating system development is usually reduced to a single-criterion problem of finding the minimum discounted costs for the designed energy facilities of the system subject to a great number of constraints. The environmental protection measures, in this case, are the assessment of environmental damage caused by the energy facilities and a related charge for emissions of air pollutants. The study indicates that there are other methodological approaches, in which, in the case of a single-criterion problem, the other criteria do not lose their significance and can affect greatly both the optimization process and the solutions obtained. A brief review of such approaches is presented, and the epsilon-constraint method is proposed which allows maximizing the total effect of measures aimed at protecting the atmosphere within the funds allocated to the city. The dynamic programming procedure is used to obtain a set of solutions (optimal sets of measures), each of which corresponds to some level of costs not exceeding a certain upper limit. The algorithm of the epsilon-constraint method applied to solve the problem is described. The proposed method is used in a case study of a real urban heating system. This method made it possible to obtain an effective solution with a specific list of technical and atmospheric protection measures for heat sources and heating systems. The proposed methodological approach can find practical application in feasibility studies and in the studies on the development of urban heating systems.

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