Foresight for efficient use of water resources and the hydrogen market in kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is one of the countries in the world most affected by climate change and water shortages. The consequences include changes in precipitation patterns, more frequent extreme temperatures, and increased aridity. Most countries of the world associate water security with the importance of scientific investments, foresight studies in adaptation programs to global climate change, man-made emergency events, an increase in the frequency and duration of floods, droughts and fires, population growth, agricultural intensity, industrialization leading to a decrease in water levels. groundwater. Soil moisture at the root level decreases, intensifying the processes of desertification and soil salinization. In this regard, the strategy of many countries is to increase investment in water-soil scientific research programs, direct cooperation with joint scientific and practical research of emergency security agencies and agriculture, and widespread involvement of the population in joint programs with research scientists. The presented review analyzes and proposes options for strengthening the sustainable development of Kazakhstan with more efficient use of water resources and the development of the domestic hydrogen market. In Kazakhstan, scenarios and regions for hydrogen production are being considered, including in Western Kazakhstan, the Mangystau region, using the water of the Caspian Lake. The alternative region is considered in this review involves the creation of hydrogen production facilities in Northern Kazakhstan, which will use part of the water from 16.5 cubic meters. km of water that annually flows into the Arctic Ocean from Kazakhstan through Russia. In addition, in Northern Kazakhstan there are capacities to produce electricity with big coal reserves. In cooperation with Russia, natural gas can be used, as well as Russian water resources, including those from the Arctic Ocean. Climate change and rising temperatures lead to rising ocean levels; coastal zones of the oceans and islands will go under water. Stimulating the development of technologies for the use of water from the rivers flowing into the oceans is becoming relevant in many regions of the world.

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