Интеграция технологий утилизации органических отходов АПК: производство кормовых добавок, снижение эмиссии углекислого газа и получение водорода для устойчивого сельского хозяйства

В настоящее время остро стоит проблема роста цен на энергоносители, усугубляемая параллельным увеличением потребления и, как следствие, увеличением объемов отходов. Антропогенное воздействие на окружающую среду обусловлено не только истощением природных ресурсов, но и, в значительной степени, аккумуляцией значительных объемов органических отходов (ОО) сельскохозяйственного и перерабатывающего секторов. В рамках стратегии снижения негативного влияния, основанной на принципах «зеленой химии», рассматривается ряд технологических решений, включающих культивирование личинок мухи черной львинки (Hermetia illucens), микроводорослей, а также анаэробное сбраживание ОО. Целью данного исследования является оценка перспектив интеграции вышеупомянутых технологий для утилизации ОО с минимальной эмиссией углекислого газа и оптимизацией затрат на процессы утилизации, производства кормовых добавок и биоводорода. В фокусе исследования находится разработка концепции интеграции рассматриваемых технологий утилизации, а также формирование материальных и энергетических балансов комплекса интегрированных технологий. Предлагаемая концепция интеграции позволяет эффективно преобразовывать отходы в ценные энергоносители и продукты, такие как удобрения и кормовые добавки. Разработанный комплекс интегрированных технологий потенциально способен полностью компенсировать собственные энергетические потребности за счет утилизации производимого биогаза в когенерационной установке. Однако, данное заключение требует верификации посредством проведения дополнительных комплексных испытаний с учетом качественно-количественных характеристик ОО и локальных климатических условий. Перспективы использования получаемого водорода в сельском хозяйстве охватывают несколько направлений, включая обработку семян растений, применение в качестве гормонального регулятора для снижения стрессовых факторов при культивировании, стимуляцию корнеобразования, антиоксидантную защиту и продление сроков хранения. Кроме того, рассматривается возможность применения водорода в двигателях внутреннего сгорания для повышения степени сжатия и снижения выбросов отработанных газов.

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