Study of bıodıesel obtaıned from pomegranate seed wıth the partıcıpatıon of bentonıte modıfıed wıth CaO

Given the depletion of fossil fuel raw materials, as well as the non-renewability and instability of these fuel resources, the study of alternative energy sources is currently a global challenge. At the same time, the study of renewable energy is of great importance in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Among the various renewable energy sources, biomass (plants and their residues, waste) has attracted attention due to its potential to reduce the harmful impact of fossil fuels on the environment. Among the various fuels derived from biomass, biodiesel has great potential as a technological alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel for green energy. Biodiesel is a renewable, sustainable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and clean energy source. Biodiesel is a diesel fuel based on long-chain alkyl esters of vegetable or animal oils and is formed by the chemical reaction of lipids with alcohol, resulting in the formation of fatty acid esters. The research involved the transesterification of oils obtained from pomegranate seeds, a waste product of AZGRANATA LLC, a company operating in Azerbaijan, into biodiesel fuel using Dash Salahli bentonite, mined in the Gazakh region of Azerbaijan and activated as a heterogeneous catalyst. The yield of biodiesel obtained as a result of the transesterification reaction carried out for 2 hours at a temperature of 220 °C with an oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:10 in the presence of a modified 5% CaO/bentonite catalyst was 93,5%. Various physicochemical properties of pomegranate seed oil, used in the production of biodiesel and obtained by cold pressing, were determined. The physicochemical properties of pomegranate seed biodiesel were analyzed using various physicochemical methods, and a comparative study was conducted to determine its compliance with the international standards ASTM D 6751 (American Society for Testing and) and EN 14214 (European standard). Its physicochemical properties were determined: density 880 kg/m³, kinematic viscosity 4,5 mm²/s, cetane number 55 and heat of combustion 40,6 MJ/kg.

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