On the exergetic limit of weakly interacting flows with matter (the Gusev Limit)

This work formulates, substantiates, and comprehensively analyzes the Gusev Theorem on the exergetic limit of weakly interacting particle fluxes in matter, which establishes a fundamental constraint on the maximum power available for conversion into work during the interaction of neutrinos and other weakly interacting particles with matter. The theorem states that the available exergy of such fluxes is given by

В_max = Ф · σ · Е,

where Ф is the particle flux, σ is the effective interaction cross section, and Е is the particle energy. The smallness of the weak-interaction cross section, determined by the Fermi constant [1], leads to the fact that even at the maximum fluxes and energies available in nature, the exergy limit remains extremely small-on the order of 10^-20 W/cm² for solar neutrinos [2]. This fundamental constraint does not depend on the choice of materials, nanostructures, device geometry, resonant schemes, or engineering solutions, making the Gusev Theorem a universal criterion for assessing the physical feasibility of any technology claiming to convert the energy of weakly interacting particles into electrical power.

A rigorous theoretical derivation of the theorem is presented based on the formalism of the Standard Model, the law of energy conservation, the linearity of the weak interaction, and the thermodynamic definition of exergy. It is shown that the weak interaction does not permit mechanisms of energy amplification, energy accumulation, nonlinear resonances, or coherent effects that could increase the available power even by several orders of magnitude. Thus, any claims regarding the possibility of obtaining macroscopic electrical power from neutrinos contradict fundamental laws of physics.

Special attention is given to experimental constraints that support the conclusions of the theorem. Thermal, vibrational, and electromagnetic noise, as well as the statistics of rare events, are analyzed. It is shown that the minimally measurable power in laboratory conditions is limited by Nyquist thermal noise at a level of approximately 10^-12 W, which exceeds the exergy limit of weakly interacting fluxes by 8-10 orders of magnitude [3, 4]. Vibrational and electromagnetic noise also exceed the available power by 6-8 orders of magnitude. Statistical analysis shows that the number of neutrino interactions with a sample of area 100 cm² is on the order of 10^-28 events per second, which makes signal detection fundamentally impossible. These results demonstrate that even an ideal detector cannot extract the energy of weakly interacting particles against the background of unavoidable noise.

An important part of the study is a critical analysis of claims related to so-called «neutrinovoltaics»-technologies asserting the possibility of generating electrical power in the milliwatt-watt range from neutrinos. It is shown that the claimed power outputs exceed the exergy limit by 17-20 orders of magnitude, rendering such claims physically impossible. Analysis of the proposed mechanisms (phonon resonances, multilayer graphene structures, interference schemes) shows that they are inconsistent with conservation laws, the linearity of the weak interaction, and the absence of coherence. Experimental data cited by proponents of such technologies exhibit dependence of the signal on shielding, device orientation, and environmental conditions, which excludes neutrinos as the source of the signal, since neutrinos are not shielded by matter and do not depend on detector orientation.

A key element of the work is the comparison of the Gusev Theorem with experimental data from CERN, including results from the ALICE experiment. It is shown that ALICE provides unique data on the behavior of the weak interaction under conditions of extremely high energies and energy densities unattainable in nature. Even at heavy-ion collision energies of several TeV and quark-gluon plasma energy densities on the order of 10¹² J/m³, the weak interaction remains linear, incoherent, and exhibits no anomalies that could increase the interaction cross section or lead to macroscopic energy transfer to matter. The interaction cross sections measured in ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb fully agree with Standard Model predictions and remain in the range 10^-44-10^-38 cm². Analysis of the energy balance of Pb-Pb events in ALICE shows no anomalous energy flows, confirming the impossibility of amplifying weak processes even under conditions where the energy exceeds that of solar neutrinos by 12-13 orders of magnitude.

Thus, data from ALICE and other CERN experiments constitute one of the strongest experimental confirmations of the Gusev Theorem. They demonstrate that the weak interaction remains weak across the entire explored energy range, does not allow resonant enhancement, and cannot be used to generate macroscopic electrical power.

In conclusion, the work establishes a rigorous scientific criterion-the Gusev Theorem – that enables an unambiguous assessment of the physical feasibility of any technology claiming to convert the energy of weakly interacting particle fluxes. The theorem is supported both theoretically and experimentally, including by data from the world’s largest high-energy physics experiments. The combined theoretical and experimental evidence leads to a definitive conclusion: no technology based on the use of neutrino energy or the energy of other weakly interacting particles can provide macroscopic electrical power or possess a physical foundation.

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