Energy-efficient ion-exchange demineralization of wastewater for electrolytic green hydrogen production

To address acute freshwater scarcity, an energy-autonomous pre-electrolysis water pretreatment technology is proposed, based on single-stage ion-exchange demineralization utilizing an amphoteric sorbent synthesized from local industrial by-products. Integration with renewable energy sources and the utilization of reclaimed wastewater enable the production of ultrapure water while significantly reducing both water and carbon footprints. Exergy analysis confirms the thermodynamic optimality of the system: the variational minimization of exergy destruction and the spatial invariance of the exergy flux along the apparatus guarantee substantially higher efficiency compared to conventional membrane-based processes. This approach establishes a class of exergy-positive systems, wherein the environmental remediation of industrial wastewater translates into additional thermodynamic benefits, providing a scientifically robust foundation for the sustainable deployment and scaling of green hydrogen infrastructure in arid regions.

1. [1]. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated September 11, 2023, No. UP-158 «On the Strategy «Uzbekistan-2030» [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://lex.uz/docs/6600404 (in Russ)

2. [2]. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated December 2, 2022, No. PP-436 «On measures to increase the effectiveness of reforms aimed at transitioning the Republic of Uzbekistan to a ‘green’ economy by 2030» [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://lex.uz/docs/6303233 (in Russ)

3. [3]. IRENA. Green hydrogen for industrial decarbonisation: Central Asia and the South Caucasus. – Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency, 2025. – 74 p. – ISBN 978-92-9260-661-9. – URL: https://www.irena.org/Publications/2025/May/Green-hydrogen-for-industrial-decarbonisation-Central-Asia-and-the-South-Caucasus

4. [4]. Khamrakulova N., Jha A. Analyzing Water Demand for Sustainable Hydrogen Production in Central Asia. – Geneva: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Sustainable Energy Division, 2024. – URL: https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Khamrakulova_Water%20and%20Hydrogen_Eng.pdf

5. [5]. IRENA; Bluerisk. Water for hydrogen production. – Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency, 2023. – URL: https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Dec/Water-for-hydrogen-production

6. [6]. UNIDO. Achieving a Green Hydrogen transition built on equity and consensus. – Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization, [s.a.]. – URL: https://hydrogen.unido.org/article/achieving-green-hydrogen-transition-built-equity-and-consensus

7. [7]. UNECE. Sustainable Hydrogen Production Pathways in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. – Geneva: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2023. – URL: https://unece.org/sites/default/ files/2023-03/EN_Sustainable%20Hydrogen%20Production%20Pathways_final_0.pdf

8. [8]. EBRD. EBRD supports first renewable hydrogen project in Central Asia. – London: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2024. – URL: https://www.ebrd.com/news/2024/ebrd-supports-first-renewable-hydrogen-project-in-central-asia.html

9. [9]. Hydrogen Insight. First green hydrogen project in Uzbekistan begins operations. – 2025. – URL: https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/production/first-green-hydrogen-project-in-uzbekistan-begins-operations/2-1-1872590

10. [10]. ACWA Power; Uzkimyosanoat. Official press releases on the Chirchik green hydrogen project (20232025) [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.acwapower.com/ (in Russ)

11. [11]. PtX Hub. A first look at water demand for green hydrogen and concerns and opportunities with desalination. – 2024. – URL: https://ptx-hub.org/a-first-look-atwater-demand-for-green-hydrogen-and-concerns-and-opportunities-with-desalination

12. [12]. dena. The Role of Water for Sustainable Hydrogen Production in Kazakhstan. – Berlin: Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena), [s. a.]. – URL: https://climateandenergypartnerships.org/fileadmin/global/publications_docs/dena_H2O_Management_for_H2_in_KAZ_EN.pdf

13. [13]. Asia Pathways (ADBI). *Unlocking green hydrogen potential in Central Asia. – Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute, 2023. – URL: https://www.asiapathways-adbi.org/2023/11/unlocking-green-hydrogen-potential-in-central-asia

14. [14]. Muminova R. N., Kazimova N. M. The problem of wastewater treatment in Uzbekistan // Young Scientist. – 2015. – No. 22 (102). – Pp. 47-48. – URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/102/23372 (in Russ)

15. [15]. Drabkova T. V., Abdutalipova N. M., Turabdzhanov S. M. Environmental monitoring and methods of cleaning natural reservoirs from pollution by wastewater from enterprises // Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories: Anthropogenic Activity in Nature Management: proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. – Grozny, 2022. – Pp. 93-95. (in Russ)

16. [16]. Drabkova T. V., Abdutalipova N. M., Turabdzhanov S. M., Rakhimova L. S. Study of the efficiency of treatment facilities after discharge of treated water into the Chirchik River // Global Science and Innovation. Series Physical and Mathematical Sciences. – Astana, 2022. – No. 3 (17). – Pp. 46-47. (in Russ)

17. [17]. Drabkova T. V., Abdutalipova N. M., Turabdzhanov S. M., Rakhimova L. S. Monitoring the efficiency of treatment facilities after discharge // Problems of Chemistry and Chemical Education: proceedings of the republican scientific and practical conference. – Kokand, 2022. – Pp. 26-27. (in Russ)

18. [18]. Drabkova T. V., Abdutalipova N. M., Turabdzhanov S. M., Rakhimova L. S. Analytical control of the composition of iron ions in the waters of rivers and canals as sources of wastewater discharges from enterprises // Technosphere Safety. – 2023: proceedings of the XX International Scientific and Practical Conference. – Ufa, 2023. – Pp. 234-238. (in Russ)

19. [19]. Turabdzhanov S. M., Ponamaryova T. V., Kayumova I. K., Rakhimova L. S. Study of the chemical composition of surface waters // Problems of Ecology and Environmental Safety. Creation of New Polymer Materials: proceedings of the VII International Correspondence Scientific and Practical Conference. – Minsk, 2020. – Pp. 68-69. (in Russ)

20. [20]. Abdukodyrova M. N., Radkevich M. V., Shipilova K. B. Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment: textbook for universities. – Tashkent, 2022. – 232 p. (in Russ)

21. [21]. Drabkova T. V. , Turabdzhanov S. M. , Rakhmatullaev F. N., Rakhmatov U. N., Shokhakimova A. A. // Design features of ion exchange plant for wastewater treatment // Technical science and innovation. No.1/2025. Pp. 16-21. https://doi.org/10.59048/21811180.1683

22. [22]. Drabkova T. V., Turabdzhanov S. M., Abdutalipova N. M., Isanova R. R., Aripov A. Kh. Study of an experimental ion-exchange plant for purifying artesian water // Science and innovation. – Toshkent, 2025. – Vol. 4. – Pp. 41-45. – https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15242997

23. [23]. Drabkova T. V., Abdutalipova N. M., Rakhmatullaev F. N., Rakhmatov U. N. Monitoring of water resources in Uzbekistan and prospects for using ion exchange units for wastewater treatment // Geography and Water Resources. – Almaty, 2025. – Pp. 3-12. – https:// doi.org/10.55764/2957-9856/2025-2-3-12.15 (in Russ)

24. [24]. Drabkova T. V., Abdutalipova N. M., Rakhmatov U. N. Assessment of surface water pollution and efficiency of iron ion removal at an ion exchange unit // Ecological Readings: collection of materials of the XVI National Scientific and Practical Conference. – Omsk, 2025. – Pp. 674-679. (in Russ)

25. [25]. Turabdzhanov S. M., Ponamareva T. V., Yusupova D. A., Nazirov Z. Sh., Rakhimova L. S. Study of sorption of copper ions from wastewater by phosphoric acid cation exchanger // Chemical Safety. – 2018. – No. 2. – Vol. 2. – Pp. 173-182. – https://doi.org/10.25514/CHS.2018.2.14115 (in Russ)

26. [26]. Turabdzhanov S. M., Kedelbaev B. Sh., Kushnazarov P. I., Badritdinova F. M., Ponamaryova T. V., Rakhimova L. S. New approach to the synthesis of polycondensation ion-exchange polymers for wastewater treatment // News of The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of Geology and Technical Sciences. – 2019. – Vol. 2, No. 434. – Pp. 206-216. – https://doi.org/10.32014/2019.2518-170X.56

27. [27]. Shokhakimova A. A., Turabdzhanov S. M., Kedelbaev B. Sh., Lieberzeit P., Turaeva D. Sh., Ponamaryova T. V., Rakhimova L. S. Syntheses of cation exchanger with macroporosity and investigating specific properties // News of the academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. Series chemistry and technology. – 2020. – No. 443, Vol. 5. – Pp. 108-115. – https://doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1491.87

28. [28]. Nazirov Z. Sh., Turabdzhanov S. M., Rakhmatov N. U., Ponamaryova T. V., Rakhimova L. S. Efficiency of using the obtained cation exchanger in the process of water demineralization // Uzbek Scientific, Technical and Production Journal. Composite Materials. – 2020. – No. 3. – Pp. 334-338. (in Russ)

29. [29]. Turobjonov S. M., Abdutalipova N. M., Nazirov R. A. Production of new aminocarboxylic ampholytes with predetermined properties // Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences. – 2016. – Pp. 51-55.

30. [30]. Abdutalipova N. M., Turobjonov S. M. Study of acid-base equilibrium and sorption properties of new amphoteric ion exchangers // Universum: technical sciences. – 2016. – No. 9 (30). – Pp. 27-31. (in Russ)

31. [31]. Abdutalipova N. M., Tursunov T. T., Nazirova R. A., Mutalov Sh. A. Synthesis and study of polycondensation ion exchangers with amino-sulfate groups // Bulletin of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Chemical Sciences Series. – 2009. – Pp. 5-6. (in Russ)

32. [32]. Drabkova T. V., Turabdzhanov S. M., Rakhimova L. S. Ion exchange unit for industrial wastewater treatment: Patent of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. FAP 2763. Application FAP 20250080. – 07.03.2025. (in Russ)

33. [33]. Patent Application IAP 20250666 dated 03.10.2025. Method for producing an aminocarboxylic ampholyte based on tar product / Drabkova T. V., Turabdzhanov S. M., Abdutalipova N. M. et al. (in Russ)

34. [34]. Salakh Z., Kornyakova O. Yu., Osintsev K. V., Zamaraeva V. K., Zamaraev S. A. Study of obtaining clean electrical energy by combining renewable energy sources and green hydrogen production // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2025. – No. 10. – Pp. 44-82. – https://doi.org/10.15518/is-jaee.2025.10.044-082 (in Russ)

35. [35]. Panchenko V. A., Kovalev A. A., Chakraborty S. Agrivoltaics and green hydrogen – a symbiosis of solar energy technologies for sustainable development of humanity // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2024. – No. 10. – Pp. 19-44. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2024.10.019-044 (in Russ)

36. [36]. Zhiznin S.Z., Shvets N.N., Timokhov V.M., Gusev A.L. Economics of hydrogen energy of the green transition in the world and Russia. Part I // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2022. – No. 3. – Pp. 39-67. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2022.03.039-067 (in Russ)

37. [37]. Erivantseva T. N., Tuzova S. Yu., Lyskov N. B., Salnikov M. Yu., Tuzhilkin E. A., Palamarchuk M. S., Sedov I. V., Ryzhenko P. I., Skudro M. I. Vector of hydrogen energy in the field of intellectual property in the Russian Federation // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2023. – No. 6. – Pp. 111-125. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2023.06.111-125 (in Russ)

38. [38]. Dli M. I., Balyabina A. A., Drozdova N. V. Hydrogen energy and prospects for its development // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2015. – No. 22. – Pp. 37-41. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2015.22.004 (in Russ)

39. [39]. Panchenko V. A., Daus Yu. V., Kovalev A. A. et al. Prospects for the production of green hydrogen: Review of countries with high potential // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2023. – Vol. 48, iss. 12. – Pp. 4551-4571. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.084

40. [40]. Arsad A. Z., Hannan M. A., Al-Shetwi A. Q. et al. Hydrogen energy storage integrated hybrid renewable energy systems: A review analysis for future research directions // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2022. – Vol. 47, iss. 39. – Pp. 17285-17312. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.208

41. [41]. Egeland-Eriksen T., Hajizadeh A., Sartori S. Hydrogen-based systems for integration of renewable energy in power systems: Achievements and perspectives // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2021. – Vol. 46, iss. 63. – Pp. 31963-31983. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.218

42. [42]. Anwar S., Khan F., Zhang Y., Djire A. Recent development in electrocatalysts for hydrogen production through water electrolysis // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2021. – Vol. 46, iss. 63. – Pp. 32284-32317. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.191

43. [43]. Biggins F., Kataria M., Roberts D., Brown S. Green hydrogen investments: Investigating the option to wait // Energy. – 2022. – Vol. 241. – Art. 122842. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122842

44. [44]. Zhou Y., Li R., Lv Z., Liu J., Zhou H., Xu C. Green hydrogen: A promising way to the carbon-free society // Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. – 2022. – Vol. 43. – Pp. 2-13. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2022.02.00

45. [45]. Liu W., Zuo H., Wang J. et al. The production and application of hydrogen in steel industry // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2021. – Vol. 46, iss. 17. – Pp. 10548-10569. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.12.123

46. [46]. Posdziech O., Schwarze K., Brabandt J. Efficient hydrogen production for industry and electricity storage via high-temperature electrolysis // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2019. – Vol. 44, iss. 35. – Pp. 19089-19101. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.05.016

47. [47]. Ufa R. A., Malkova Y. Y., Gusev A. L. et al. Algorithm for optimal pairing of RES and hydrogen energy storage systems // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2021. – Vol. 46, iss. 68. – Pp. 33659-33669. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.094

48. [48]. Ufa R. A., Vasilev A. S., Gusev A. L. et al. Analysis of the influence of the current-voltage characteristics of the voltage rectifiers on the static characteristics of hydrogen electrolyzer load // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2021. – Vol. 46, iss. 68. – Pp. 33670-33678. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.183

49. [49]. Zhiznin S. Z., Timokhov V. M., Gusev A. L. Economic aspects of nuclear and hydrogen energy in the world and Russia // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2020. – Vol. 45, iss. 56. – Pp. 31353-31366. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.08.260

50. [50]. Zhiznin S. Z., Vassilev S., Gusev A. L. Economics of secondary renewable energy sources with hydrogen generation // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2019. – Vol. 44, iss. 23. – Pp. 11385-11393. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.072

51. [51]. Bulychev N. A., Kazaryan M. A., Averyushkin A. S. et al. Hydrogen production by low-temperature plasma decomposition of liquids // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2017. – Vol. 42, iss. 33. – Pp. 20934-20938. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.09.226

52. [52]. Gusev A. L. Main environmental problems of the Nizhny Novgorod region and ways of transition to a hydrogen economy // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006. – No. 1 (33). – Pp. 13-24. (in Russ)

53. [53]. Gusev A. L., Veziroglu T. N. Twelve interviews with the Legendary Patriarch of Hydrogen Energy Prof. Dr. T. N. Veziroglu and main conclusions. Interview No.1 // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2021; (25-27):22-29. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2021.09.022-029 (in Russ)

54. [54]. Bedulina D. S., et al. Report of the Standing Commission on Environmental Rights of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights «The Green Turn» // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2020; (19-24):31-157. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2020.19-24.31-157 (in Russ)

55. [55]. Tursunov M. N., Sabirov H., Akhtamov T. Z., Mullagalieva F. G., Nurboev K. M. Multifunctional mobile solar energy device // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2025; (6):63-77. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2025.06.063-077 (in Russ)

56. [56]. Shcheklein S. E., Dubinin A. M., Matveev A. V., Filippenkov V. A., Kasim M. A., Khalyapov K. M. Air conversion of hydrocarbon pyrolysis products into synthesis gas (H2+CO) for electricity production using solid oxide fuel cells // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2023; (5):45-58. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2023.05.045-058 (in Russ)

57. [57]. Mikheeva E. R., Shekhurdina S. V., Katraeva I. V., et al. Optimization of continuous two-stage production of biogas from confectionery industry wastewater // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2025; (6):2962. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2025.06.029-062 (in Russ)

58. [58]. Kalmykov K. S., Kolbantseva D. L., Treshchev D. A., et al. Increasing the efficiency of thermal power plants through the combined production of hydrogen, heat and electricity // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2023; (4):68-84. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2023.04.068-084 (in Russ)

59. [59]. Aminov R. Z., Egorov A. N., Schastlivtsev A. I. Study of the efficiency of hydrogen-oxygen mixture combustion at various pressures and excess oxidizer based on experimental and theoretical research // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2023; (5):32-44. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2023.05.032-044 (in Russ)

60. [60]. Maryin G. E., Ilyushin P. V., Akhmetshin A. R., Zvereva E. R. Concept of heat and power supply for a hydrogen neighborhood // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2025; (2):71-85. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2025.02.071-085 (in Russ)

61. [61]. Fornasaro S., Ghezzi L., Shukurov N. et al. Water quality and dissolved substances in the Chirchik and Akhangaran river basins (Uzbekistan, Central Asia) // Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. – 2024. – Vol. 196. – Art. 854. – https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661024-13014-1

62. [62]. Karthe D., Abdullaev I., Boldgiv B. et al. Water in Central Asia: An integrated assessment for science-based management // Environmental Earth Sciences. – 2017. – Vol. 76, iss. 20. – Art. 690. – https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6994-x

63. [63]. Abdullaev I., de Fraiture C. Water management in Central Asia: Historical and contemporary challenges // Water International. – 2018. – Vol. 43, iss. 8. – Pp. 1071-1087. – https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2018.15332

64. [64]. Rakhmatullaev S., Huneau F., Le Coustumer P., Motelica-Heino M. Sustainable irrigated agricultural production of countries in economic transition: Challenges and opportunities // Agricultural Water Management. – 2010. – Vol. 97, iss. 7. – Pp. 1032-1042. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.02.012

65. [65]. Rakhmatullaev S., Abdullaev I., Kazbekov J. Water-Energy-Food-Environmental Nexus in Central Asia: From Transition to Transformation // Environmental Science and Engineering. – 2017. – Pp. 103-120. – https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_180

66. [66]. Haug P., Koj M., Turek T. Water purity in PEM electrolysis: A review of the impacts of water quality on performance and durability // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2022. – Vol. 47, iss. 15. – Pp. 8735-8749. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.01.098

67. [67]. Carmo M., Fritz D. L., Mergel J., Stolten D. A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2013. – Vol. 38, iss. 12. – Pp. 4901-4934. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.151

68. [68]. Schmidt O., Gambhir A., Staffell I. et al. Future cost and performance of water electrolysis: An expert elicitation study // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2017. – Vol. 42, iss. 52. – Pp. 30470-30492. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.045

69. [69]. Buttler A., Spliethoff H. Current status of water electrolysis for energy storage // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. – 2018. – Vol. 82. – Pp. 2440-2454. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.003

70. [70]. Subramani A., Jacangelo J. G. Emerging desalination technologies for water treatment: A critical review // Water Research. – 2015. – Vol. 75. – Pp. 164-187. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.032

71. [71]. Greenlee L. F., Lawler D. F., Freeman B. D. et al. Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today’s challenges // Water Research. – 2009. – Vol. 43, iss. 9. – Pp. 2317-2348. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.010

72. [72]. Zhang Y., Pagani M. Water quality requirements for alkaline electrolysis systems // Journal of Power Sources. – 2023. – Vol. 580. – Art. 233434. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233434

73. [73]. Becker H., Murawski J., Shinde D. V. et al. Impact of impurities on water electrolysis: a review // Sustainable Energy & Fuels. – 2023. – Vol. 7, iss. 7. – Pp. 1609-1659. – https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SE01517J

74. [74]. Madsen H. T. Keeping the water ultrapure inside electrolyzers: challenges and solutions // Hydrogen Tech World Magazine. – 2024. – URL: https://hydrogentechworld.com/keeping-the-water-ultrapure-inside-electrolyzers-challenges-and-solutions

75. [75]. Sebbahi S. et al. A comprehensive review of recent advances in alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2024. – Vol. 82. – Pp. 583-599. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.107

76. [76]. Liu F. et al. Polyphenylene-Based Anion Exchange Membranes with Robust Hydrophobic Components Designed for High-Performance and Durable Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers Using NonPGM Anode Catalysts // Advanced Energy Materials. – 2024. – https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202404089

77. [77]. Cassol G. S. et al. Ultra-fast green hydrogen production from municipal wastewater by an integrated forward osmosis-alkaline water electrolysis system // Nature Communications. – 2024. – Vol. 15. – Art. 2617. – https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46964-8

78. [78]. Wijaya G. H. A. et al. Advancements in commercial anion exchange membranes: A review of membrane properties in water electrolysis applications // Journal of Membrane Science. – 2024. – Vol. 685. – Art. 121945. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2024.121945

79. [79]. Fang Z. et al. Stability challenges of anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers from components to integration level // Chem Catalysis. – 2024. – Vol. 4, iss. 10. – Art. 101145. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.checat.2024.101145

80. [80]. Wu X. et al. CuxCo3−xO4 (0 ≤ x < 1) nanoparticles for oxygen evolution in high performance alkaline exchange membrane water electrolysers // Journal of Power Sources. – 2024. – Vol. 592. – Art. 233890. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.233890

81. [81]. Mulk W. U. et al. Electrochemical hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE): Recent progress and associated challenges in hydrogen production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2024. – Vol. 56. – Pp. 100-119. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.01.001

82. [82]. Ehlers J. C. et al. Affordable green hydrogen from alkaline water electrolysis: key research needs from an industrial perspective // ACS Energy Letters. – 2024. – Vol. 9. – Pp. 547-555. – https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00012

83. [83]. Ayodele T. R., Munda J. L. Potential and viability of standalone solar PV/wind/diesel hybrid energy system for green hydrogen production in Africa // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2024. – Vol. 48, iss. 99. – Pp. 38721-38739. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.190

84. [84]. Naterer G. F. et al. Synergistic roles of off-peak electrolysis and thermochemical production of hydrogen from nuclear energy in Canada // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2008. – Vol. 33. – Pp. 6849-6857. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.09.011

85. [85]. Peharz G., Dimroth F., Wittstadt U. Solar hydrogen production by water splitting with a conversion efficiency of 18 % // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2007. – Vol. 32, iss. 15. – Pp. 3248-3252. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.04.036

86. [86]. Lay C. -H., Vo T. -P., Lin P. -Y. et al. Anaerobic Hydrogen and Methane Production from Low-Strength Beverage Wastewater // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2019. – Vol. 44, iss. 28. – Pp. 14351-14361. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.165

87. [87]. Siracusano S., Baglio V., Di Blasi A. et al. Electrochemical characterization of single cell and short stack PEM electrolyzers based on a nanosized IrO2 anode electrocatalyst // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2010. – Vol. 35, iss. 11. – Pp. 5558-5568. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.03.102

88. [88]. Veziroğlu T. N., Şahın S. 21st Century’s Energy: Hydrogen Energy System // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2019. – No. 4-6. – Pp. 14-27. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2019.04-06.014-027

89. [89]. Novotny J., Veziroglu T.N. Influence of hydrogen on the environment // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2019; (01-03):16-24. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2019.01-03.016-024 (in Russ)

90. [90]. Veziroğlu T. N. Hydrogen and hydrogen energy creating the universe: Spin-Top Theory // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2020. – Vol. 45, iss. 11. – Pp. 6863-6873. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.203

91. [91]. Lima E. C. et al. A critical review of the estimation of the thermodynamic parameters on adsorption systems // Journal of Molecular Liquids. – 2019. – Vol. 273. – Pp. 425-434. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.048

92. [92]. Gibson T. L., Kelly N. A. Optimization of solar powered hydrogen production using photovoltaic electrolysis devices // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2008. – Vol. 33, iss. 21. – Pp. 5931-5940. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.05.106

93. [93]. Temiz M., Javani N. Design and analysis of a combined floating photovoltaic system for electricity and hydrogen production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2020. – Vol. 45, iss. 5. – Pp. 3457-3469. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.226

94. [94]. Dahbi S., Aziz A., Messaoudi A. et al. Management of excess energy in a photovoltaic/grid system by production of clean hydrogen // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2018. – Vol. 43, iss. 10. – Pp. 52835299. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.11.022

95. [95]. Muhammad Tamoor, M. Suleman Tahir, Muhammad Sagir et al. Design of 3 kW integrated power generation system from solar and biogas // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2020. – Vol. 45, iss. 23. – Pp. 12711-12720. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.02.207

96. [96]. Oliver Posdziech, Konstantin Schwarze, Jörg Brabandt. Efficient hydrogen production for industry and electricity storage via high-temperature electrolysis // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2019. – Vol. 44, iss. 35. – Pp. 19089-19101. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.05.016

97. [97]. Wenguo Liu, Haibin Zuo, Jingsong Wang et al. The production and application of hydrogen in steel industry // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2021. – Vol. 46, iss. 17. – Pp. 10548-10569. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.12.123

98. [98]. Ying Zhou, Ruiying Li, Zexuan Lv et al. Green hydrogen: A promising way to the carbon-free society // Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. – 2022. – Vol. 43. – Pp. 2-13. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2022.02.001

99. [99]. Leonard E. Klebanoff, Sean A. M. Caughlan, Robert T. Madsen et al. Comparative study of a hybrid research vessel utilizing batteries or hydrogen fuel cells // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2021. – Vol. 46, iss. 76. – Pp. 38051-38072. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.047

100. [100]. Sebastian Nicolay, Stanislav Karpuk, Yaolong Liu, Ali Elhama. Conceptual design and optimization of a general aviation aircraft with fuel cells and hydrogen // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2021. – Vol. 46, iss. 64. – Pp. 32676-32694. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.127

101. [101]. Minnan Ye, Phil Sharp, Nigel Brandon, Anthony Kucernak. System-level comparison of ammonia, compressed and liquid hydrogen as fuels for polymer electrolyte fuel cell powered shipping // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2022. – Vol. 47, iss. 13. – Pp. 85658584. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.12.164

102. [102]. Minli Yu, Ke Wang, Harrie Vredenburg. Insights into low-carbon hydrogen production methods: Green, blue and aqua hydrogen // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2021. – Vol. 46, iss. 41. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.016

103. [103]. Drabkova T. V., Gusev A. L., Turabdzhanov S. M. Development of an ion-exchange unit for energy-efficient wastewater treatment // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2025; 8(437):167-188. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2025.08.167-188 (in Russ)

104. [104]. Drabkova T. V., Rakhmatullaev F. N., Abdutalipova N. M., Eshmukhamedov M. A.// Ion-exchange technology for deep purification of water from copper ions to reduce environmental and industrial risks of pre-electrolysis water treatment // Fire and Explosion Safety. – 2025. – No. 4 (21). – Pp. 245-252. (in Russ)

105. [105]. Galikaev T. B. Parabolic solar concentrators in Uzbekistan: scientific and technical analysis and innovative solutions // Young Scientist. – 2025. – No. 41 (592). – Pp. 13-17. – URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/592/129068 (in Russ)

106. [106]. Nazirov Z. Sh., Turabdzhanov S. M., Kedelbaev B. Sh. et al. Kinetics and mechanism of sorption of copper (II) ions by ion exchanger // News of the academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. Series chemistry and technology. – 2020. – No. 444, Vol. 6. – Pp. 13-21. – https://doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1491.93

107. [107]. Polyansky N. G., Gorbunok G. V., Polyanskaya N. L. Methods for studying ion exchangers. – Moscow: Khimiya, 1976. – 208 p. (in Russ)

108. [108]. Gelfrich F. Ion Exchangers. – Moscow.: IL, 1962. – 490 p. (in Russ)

109. [109]. Sinyavsky V. G. Selective Ion Exchangers. – Kiev.: Tekhnika, 1967. – 167 p. (in Russ)

110. [110]. Ashirov A. Ion-exchange purification of wastewater, solutions and gases. – Leningrad.: Khimiya, 1983. – 295 p. (in Russ)

111. [111]. Plaksin I. N., Tetaru S. A. Hydrometallurgy using ion exchangers. – Moscow.: Metallurgiya, 1964. – 283 p. (in Russ)

112. [112]. Ryabchikov B. E., Panteleev A. A., Larionov S. Yu. Ion exchange in water treatment. – Moscow.: DeLi plus, 2018. – 398 p. (in Russ)

113. [113]. Dorfner K. Ionenaustauscher. – Berlin.: de Gruyter, 1964. – 211 p.

114. [114]. Gusev A. L. Precision adjustable vacuum leaks of microflows of gases and vapors for monitoring the tightness of power facilities (brief review) // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2002. – No. 1. – Pp. 35-53.

115. [115]. Gusev A. L. Anomalies of residual pressure in superinsulation during emergency situations at cryogenic facilities // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2000. – No. 1. – Pp. 55-75. (in Russ)

116. [116]. Gusev A. L. Hydrogen Energy in the Great Patriotic War // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2008. – No. 9 (65). – Pp. 11-15.

117. [117]. Gusev A. L., Dyadyuchenko Y. P. The Mysterious Island. Boris Shelishch – the Beginning of Hydrogen Era // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2002. – No. 4. – Pp. 4-6.

118. [118]. Kovalev V. E., Shalimov Yu. N., Gusev A. L. Prospects for building settlements with an autonomous energy supply system // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2011. – No. 10. – Pp. 171-178. (in Russ)

119. [119]. Gusev A. L., Spitsin B. V., Kazaryan M. A. Development of advanced principles of hydrogen storage and rational design of novel materials for hydrogen accumulation // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2007. – No. 4. – Pp. 202-203.

120. [120]. Shalimov Y. N., Litvinov Y. V., Kharchenko E. L., Gusev A. L. Hydrogen Production in Pulsed Electrolysis Modes // International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2007. – No. 9 (53). – Pp. 42-48.

121. [121]. Bulychev N. A. Hydrogen production in an acoustoplasma discharge in a flow of liquid-phase medium // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2019; (01-03):42-48. – https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2019.01-03.042-048 (in Russ)

122. [122]. Gusev A. L. Flying car on hydrogen fuel. History, present, future (ideas, concepts, implementation) // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2007. – No. 6. – Pp. 177-179. (in Russ)

123. [123]. Nechaev Yu. S., Alekseeva O. K., Gusev A. L., Veziroglu T. N. Fundamentals and prospects for creating nanocarbon «superadsorbents» for hydrogen storage on board a vehicle // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006. – No. 7. – Pp. 27-28. (in Russ)

124. [124]. Gol’tsov V. A., Veziroglu T. N., Gol’tsova L. F., Gusev A. L. Up-to-day status of hydrogen economy and hydrogen vehicles: economy, techniques, infrastructure // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2003. – S2. – Pp. 18-19.

125. [125]. Gusev A. L., Shalimov Yu. N. Problems of chemical technology and energy development in the works of V. A. Legasov // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006. – No. 5 (37). – Pp. 28-41. (in Russ)

126. [126]. Ilkaev R. I., Trutnev Yu. A., Gusev A. L. et al. Justification for nomination of prof. Dr. T. Nejat Veziroglu for Nobel Prize in Economics // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2000. – No. 1. – Pp. 4-9.

127. [127]. A. L. Gusev. Production of alternative energy by atomic hydrogen cycle and their use // Alternative Energy and Ecology. – 2007. – № 6, pp. 175-176.

128. [128]. Gusev A. L., Veziroglu T. N. Centennial Memorandum of November 13, 2006 to the Heads of the G8 // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2007. – No. 3. – P. 11.

129. [129]. Shalimov Yu. N., Kudryash V. I., Gusev A. L. et al. Problems of using hydrogen in energy // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2009. – No. 3 (71). – Pp. 61-74. (in Russ)

130. [130]. Shalimov Yu. N., Gusev A. L., Mkhitoryan G. A. et al. Modern Alternative Energy in terms of Economics and Ecology // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2010. – No. 10 (90). – Pp. 114-138.

131. [131]. Shalimov Y. N., Koifman O. I., Terukov E. I. et al. Hydrogen in systems of conventional and alternative energy // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2013. – No. 5-1 (125). – Pp. 10-44.

132. [132]. Bulychev N. A., Kazarian M. A., Chernov A. A., Gusev A. L. Hydrogen Production in the Decomposition of Liquids in Low-Temperature Plasma // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2013. – No. 5-2 (126). – Pp. 10-13.

133. [133]. Gusev A. L. Hydrogen Energy in the Great Patriotic War // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2008. – No. 9 (65). – Pp. 11-15.

134. [134]. Gusev A. L. Project proposal № 1580 «Hydrogen detectors» // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2000. – No. 1. – Pp. 222-226.

135. [135]. Gusev A. L., Zababurkin D. I. Multichannel leak detectors for monitoring the level of flammable, toxic and explosive gases // International Scientific Journal ‘Alternative Energy and Ecology’ (ISJAEE). – 2010. – No. 10. – Pp. 10-15. (in Russ)

136. [136]. Gusev A. L., Zababurkin D. I. Propane detectors for mass use // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2010. – No. 10. – Pp. 16-22. (in Russ)

137. [137]. Gusev A. L., Zababurkin D. I. High-sensitivity sensors for special purposes // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2010. – No. 10. – Pp. 23-30. (in Russ)

138. [138]. Zababurkin D. I., Gusev A. L., Nemyshev V. I. Hydrogen leak alarms and indicators // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2010. – No. 6. – Pp. 33-42. (in Russ)

139. [139]. Galinov I. V., Gladkov V. S., Gusev A. L., Zababurkin D. I. Method for calibrating hydrogen sensors using the gas admission chamber method // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2009. – No. 11. – Pp. 25-29. (in Russ)

140. [140]. Babkina I. V., Gabriels K. S., Gusev A. L. et al. Structure, electrical and gas-sensitive properties of nanocrystalline film composites based on In-Y-O-C // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2009. – No. 8. – Pp. 58-66. (in Russ)

141. [141]. Gusev A. L. Universal scientific research complex «CLEOPATRA» // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2008. – No. 4. – Pp. 114-121.

142. [142]. Gusev A. L. Chemical hydrogen recombiner cartridges // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2008. – No. 4. – Pp. 122-125. (in Russ) [143]. Gusev A. L., Naumchik I. V., Penkov M. M. Improving the safety of hydrogen systems based on optimal placement of hydrogen detectors in the thermal insulation cavities of tanks and pipelines // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2008. – No. 7. – Pp. 20-24. (in Russ)

143. [144]. Gusev A. L. Precision adjustable vacuum leaks of gas and vapour microflows for control over leakage of energy objects (brief review) // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2008. – No. 4. – Pp. 35-54.

144. [145]. Vershinin N. N., Aleinikov N. N., Efimov O. N., Gusev A. L. CO gas sensors based on nanomaterials and solid electrolytes // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2007. – No. 8. – Pp. 10-15.

145. [146]. Gusev A. L., Zolotukhin I. V., Kalinin Yu. E., Sitnikov A. V. Sensors for hydrogen and hydrogen-containing molecules // Alternative Energy and Ecology

146. (ISJAEE). – 2005. – No. 5. – Pp. 23-31. (in Russ)

147. [147]. Gusev A. L. Low-temperature hydrogen sensors and absorbers // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2003. – Special issue 1. – Pp. 110-114. (in Russ)

148. [148]. Shulga Yu. M., Muradyan V. E., Meteleva Yu. V. et al. Production and studying of palladinised films of manganese and cobalt oxides // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2003. – S2. – Pp. 112-113.

149. [149]. Gusev A. L., Zolotukhin I. V., Kalinin Yu. E. et al. Effect of hydrogen on the electrical properties of metal oxide films doped with silicon // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2003. – S1. – P. 115.

150. [150]. Abalyaeva V. V., Efimov O. N., Gusev A. L. New materials for hydrogen sensors based on electroactive polymers and carbon nanotubes // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2003. – S1. – Pp. 116-117.

151. [151]. Abalyaeva V. V., Efimov O. N., Gusev A. L. Hydrogen detection using the pd-polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol-phosphoric acid/glassy carbon electrochemical system // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2002. – No. 5. – Pp. 12-16.

152. [152]. Gusev A. L., Zolotukhin I. V., Kalinin Yu. E. et al. Influence of hydrogen on the electrical properties of metal oxide films doped with silicon // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2002. – No. 6. – Pp. 12-22.

153. [153]. Abalyaeva V. V., Efimov O. N., Gusev A. L. Hydrogen detection using pd-polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol - phosphoric acid/glassy carbon electrochemical system // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2002. – No. 6. – Pp. 23-27.

154. [154]. Nechaev Yu. S., Gusev A. L., Gupta B. K. et al. On using graphite nanofibers for hydrogen on-board storage // Transactions of International conference «Solid State Hydrogen Storage - Materials and Applications». – Hyderabad, India, 2005.

155. [155]. Gusev A. L., Kazaryan M. A. Manufacture Nano-composites Membranes for clearing Chlorine // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2007. – No. 4.

156. [156]. Gusev A. L. Electrosorption phenomena in layers of shield-vacuum heat insulation of hydrogen reservoirs // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2007. – No. 4.

157. [157]. Gusev A. L., Kazaryan M. A. Hydrogen Storage // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2007. – No. 4. – Рp. 202-203

158. [158]. Carmo M. et al. A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2013. – Vol. 38. – Pp. 4901-4934. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.151

159. [159]. Drabkova T. V., Gusev A. L., Turabdzhanov S. M. Energy-self-sufficient ion-exchange system for pre-electrolysis water treatment in green hydrogen production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153860

160. [160]. Official website of JV LLC «Uz-Kor Gas Chemical» / [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.uz-kor.com/index.php/ru/deyatelnost (in Russ)

161. [161]. EXERGY Consortium. International scientific project on exergy methodology for hydrogen and water treatment systems [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://t.me/+CS4tCvW9qWhmN2Fi

162. [162]. Study of the chemical composition of pyrocondensate from pyrolysis production / O.Sh. Kodirov [et al.] // Universum: Technical sciences: electron. sci. journal. – 2018. – No. 9 (54). (in Russ)

163. [163]. Akhmadaliev M. A., Sharofiddinov I. I. Study of the formation of heavy resinous (tar) products during pyrolysis of hydrocarbon raw materials from the Ustyurt gas condensate // Universum: technical sciences: electron. sci. journal. –2021; 5(86). – URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/11722 (in Russ)

164. [164]. Isakulova, M. Sh. Chemical Composition and Applications of Tar Product Formed During Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis. Ekonomika i Sotsium [Economics and Society]. –2022; 9(100):367-370. [In Russ]

165. [165]. Kenzhaev, A. K., Nurmonov, S. E. & Kodirov, O. Sh. Determination of the Composition of the Pyrolysis Product «Pyrolysis Oil». Kompozitsionnye Materialy [Composite Materials]. – 2021; 2:15-17. Tashkent. [In Russ]