Economics of hydrogen energy of the green transition in the world and Russia. Part II. Progress in nuclear-hydrogen programs of leading countries

This study examines the technological, institutional, economic, and geopolitical dimensions of nuclear-hydrogen energy development in leading countries. Nuclear-hydrogen systems are assessed as integrated platforms that combine nuclear baseload generation with high-efficiency hydrogen production through electrolysis and thermochemical cycles. The analysis covers China, the United States, Russia, South Korea, France, and Canada, highlighting differences in reactor technologies, electrolysis integration strategies, and national policy frameworks. High-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) demonstrate the highest readiness for thermochemical hydrogen production, while Generation III+ reactors are primarily deployed for large-scale electrolysis. Institutional assessment reveals significant regulatory asymmetry, with advanced licensing pathways in the United States and France and evolving frameworks in China and the EU. Economic evaluation shows that nuclear-derived hydrogen can achieve competitive levelized costs under high capacity factors and large-scale deployment, with China demonstrating structural cost advantages. Geopolitical analysis identifies emerging regional clusters and the growing role of nuclear-hydrogen diplomacy in shaping energy security and export strategies. The findings indicate that nuclear-hydrogen systems can support deep industrial decarbonization, enhance energy resilience, and contribute to long-term hydrogen infrastructure development.

1. IAEA. Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear Energy: Technology Options and Perspectives. IAEA-TECDOC-1085. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2000.

2. . IAEA. Power Reactor Information System (PRIS). Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2025. NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS IN THE WORLD IAEA-RDS-2/45. ISBN 97892-0-117625-7 ISSN 1011-2642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61092/iaea.1g28-w3uk

3. . OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. Hydrogen Production in Nuclear Power Plants. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2021.

4. . OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. Nuclear Energy and the Hydrogen Economy. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2023.

5. . IEA. Global Hydrogen Review 2023. Paris: International Energy Agency, 2023.

6. . European Commission. A Hydrogen Strategy for a Climate-Neutral Europe. Brussels: European Commission, 2020.

7. . European Commission. EU Taxonomy Complementary Delegated Act. Brussels: European Commission, 2022.

8. . U. S. Department of Energy. Hydrogen Program Plan. Washington, DC: DOE, 2020.

9. . U. S. Department of Energy. Hydrogen Shot Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: DOE, 2021.

10. . Government of China. Medium and LongTerm Plan for the Development of Hydrogen Energy Industry (2021-2035). Beijing: State Council, 2022.

11. . Natural Resources Canada. Hydrogen Strategy for Canada. Ottawa: Government of Canada, 2020.

12. . METI Japan. Strategic Roadmap for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells. Tokyo: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2019.

13. . Government of the Russian Federation. Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2035. Moscow: Ministry of Energy, 2020 (in Russ.).

14. . Government of the Russian Federation. Concept for the Development of Hydrogen Energy in the Russian Federation. Moscow: Government Decree No. 2634r, 2020 (in Russ.).

15. . KAERI. APR-1400 Design Control Document. Daejeon: Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 2014.

16. . CNNC. HPR1000 (Hualong One) General Technical Specifications. Beijing: China National Nuclear Corporation, 2016.

17. . Rosatom. VVER-1200 Reactor: Technical Description. Moscow: Rosatom State Corporation, 2019 (in Russ.).

18. . Generation IV International Forum. GIF Annual Report 2022. Paris: GIF, 2023.

19. . Gougar H. D., et al. High-Temperature GasCooled Reactors for Hydrogen Production // Progress in Nuclear Energy. – 2019; 110:1-15.

20. . O’Brien J. E., et al. High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis for Large-Scale Hydrogen Production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2020; 45(7):3562-3578.

21. . Wang K., et al. Performance of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells for Hydrogen Production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2022; 47(15):91239135.

22. . Scholten D., Bosman R. The Geopolitics of Renewables and Hydrogen // Energy Research & Social Science. – 2021; 75:102023.

23. . Goldthau A. Energy Diplomacy in the Hydrogen Era // Global Policy. – 2023; 14(1):45-58.

24. . Veziroglu T. N. The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities and Challenges. New York: Springer, 2017.

25. . Legasov, V. A. Chemistry. Energy. Safety. – Moscow: Nauka, 2007. – 411 p. (Monuments of Russian Science. 20th Century). ISBN 978-5-02-035893-5.

26. . N. A. Bulychev, M. A. Kazaryan, A. S. Averyushkin, A. A. Chernov, A. L. Gusev. Hydrogen production by low-temperature plasma decomposition of liquids // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2017. – Volume 42. – Issue 33. – Pр. 20934-20938. ISSN 03603199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.09.226. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319917325880)

27. . National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China. (2022). Medium- and Long-Term Hydrogen Energy Development Plan (2021-2035). Beijing: NDRC. https://en.cnnc.com.cn/2025-05/12/c_1091926.htm

28. . Zhang, Z. Y., Dong, Y. J., Shi, Q. et al. 600-Mwe high-temperature gas-cooled reactor nuclear power plant HTR-PM600 // Nucl Sci Tech. – 2022; 33:101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-022-01089-9

29. . R. Baeumer, H. Barnert, E. Baust et al. AVR-Experimental High-Temperature Reactor: 21 Years of Successful Operation for a Future Energy Technology (Association of German Engineers, The Society for Energy Technologies, VDI-Verlag, Dusseldorf, 1990)

30. . Z. Y. Zhang. The status of HTR-PM, a 200 MWe high temperature gas-cooled reactor demonstration plant constructed in China, Presented at the International Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Power in the 21st Century (Abu Dhabi, 30 Oct. to 1 Nov. 2017). https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/17/11/cn-247-zhang.pdf

31. . Ping, W, Fan, L, & Luo, Y. «Establish and Analysis of an Optimized System for Hydrogen Production From Nuclear Energy in China». Proceedings of the 2024 31st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. Volume 4: SMRs, Advanced Reactors, and Fusion. Prague, Czech Republic. August 4-8, 2024. V004T04A007. ASME. https://doi.org/10.1115/ICONE31-130730

32. . Pei, J., Ding, Q., Zhang, L., & Xu, Y. (2025). The Economic-Energy-Environmental Benefits of Hydrogen Production Technologies in China // Green and Low-Carbon Economy. https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewGLCE52024666

33. . https://smmc.ornl.gov/wp-content/uploads/gravity_forms/3-c0e9b46bfa4c221ac871e57bd0196ce9/2022/12/1.-Keynote_Papageorgopoulos_Hydrogen_SMMC_2022.pdf

34. . https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/library/roadmaps-vision/clean-hydrogen-strategy-roadmap

35. . https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/docs/hydrogenprogramlibraries/pdfs/us-national-clean-hydrogen-strategy-roadmap.pdf?sfvrsn=c425b44f_5

36. . https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power

37. . European Commission. (2024). Commission approves €300 million French State aid measure to support Nuward in researching and developing small modular nuclear reactors. European Commission Reports. Brussels. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/ip_24_2228/IP_24_2228_EN.pdf

38. . CEA. (2025). SMR/AMR: Role of small modular and advanced modular reactors in electricity and hydrogen production. CEA Publications. Paris. https://www.cea.fr/energies/i-tese/en/Pages/our-work/SMR.aspx

39. . EDF Group. (2025). SMR solution: Shaping the future of nuclear energy for hydrogen production and decarbonisation. EDF Publications. Paris.

40. . https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/ EDF-creates-new-NUWARD-SMR-subsidiary

41. . https://www.france-hydrogene.org/app/uploads/sites/4/2025/04/CP-Publication-de-la-SNH_avril2025-VEN.pdf

42. . https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/enecho/shoene_shinene/suiso_seisaku/pdf/20230606_5.pdf

43. . https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/800016621.pdf

44. . Jacob J. Lamb, Magne Hillestad, Erling Rytter, Robert Bock, Anna S. R. Nordg책rd, Kristian M. Lien, Odne S. Burheim, Bruno G. Pollet, Chapter | three – Traditional Routes for Hydrogen Production and Carbon Conversion, Editor(s): Jacob J. Lamb, Bruno G. Pollet, In Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Primers, Hydrogen, Biomass and Bioenergy, Academic Press, 2020, Pages 21-53, ISBN 9780081026298, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008-102629-8.00003-7. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/B9780081026298000037)

45. . https://www.offshore-energy.biz/mitsubishi-heavy-industries-starts-soec-testing-at-takasago-hydrogen-park/

46. . h t t p s : / / w w w. a t o m i c - e n e r g y. r u /news/2020/03/10/102043

47. . https://globalenergyprize.org/ru/2024/05/03/japonija-planiruet-uvelichit-dolju-atomnoj-generacii-s-5do-bolee-chem-20/

48. . Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). (2025). Japan’s Policies on Hydrogen: Infrastructure Expansion and International Cooperation. Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, METI. Tokyo. Available at: Japan’s Policies on Hydrogen (PDF)

49. . Ministry of the Environment, Japan (MOEJ). (2024). Green Hydrogen Vision and Roadmap. MOEJ Publications. Tokyo. Available at: MOEJ Green Hydrogen Vision (PDF)

50. . Linchpin Consulting. (2025). Japan’s Hydrogen Fueling Network: Building the Infrastructure for a Clean Mobility Future. Linchpin Reports. Tokyo. Available at: Japan’s Hydrogen Fueling Network

51. . Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. (2024). Plasma electrolysis technologies for hydrogen production integrated with nuclear power plants. MHI Technical Reports. Tokyo.

52. . World Nuclear Association. (2025). Nuclear Power in Japan. World Nuclear Association. London.

53. . International Energy Agency. (2024). Japan 2024 Energy Policy Review. IEA Publications. Paris.

54. . Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE). (2020). Hydrogen Economy Roadmap of Korea. MOTIE Publications. Seoul.

55. . Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power (KHNP). (2024). APR1400 and OPR1000 reactor technologies: Export potential and Barakah project. KHNP Technical Reports. Daejeon.

56. . Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction. (2023). Innovations in hydrogen storage and transportation technologies. Doosan Technical Papers. Changwon.

57. . World Nuclear Association. (2025). Nuclear Power in South Korea. World Nuclear Association. London.

58. . Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS). (2024). Safety standards and regulatory framework for nuclear-hydrogen systems. KINS Publications. Seoul.

59. . Swiss Federal Council. (2017). Energy Strategy 2050: Federal Act on Energy. Swiss Confederation Publications. Bern.

60. . Paul Scherrer Institute. (2023). Research on hydrogen technologies: High-temperature electrolysers and fuel cells. PSI Reports. Villigen.

61. . World Nuclear Association. (2025). Nuclear Power in Switzerland. World Nuclear Association. London.

62. . International Energy Agency. (2022). Switzerland 2022 Energy Policy Review. IEA Publications. Paris.

63. . ITER Organization. (2024). Switzerland’s participation in ITER and European hydrogen infrastructure projects. ITER Publications. Cadarache.

64. . Government of the Russian Federation. (2021). Concept for the Development of Hydrogen Energy in Russia until 2035. Government Publications. Moscow.

65. . Rosatom State Corporation. (2024). Innovations in nuclear-hydrogen systems: VVER-1200, BN800, RITM-200 and SMR projects. Rosatom Technical Reports. Moscow.

66. . World Nuclear Association. (2025). Nuclear Power in Russia. World Nuclear Association. London.

67. . Kurchatov Institute. (2023). Research on thermochemical hydrogen production using high-temperature reactors (GT-MGR project). KI Publications. Moscow.

68. . Hydrogen Europe. (2024). Russia’s participation in international hydrogen initiatives and export corridors. Hydrogen Europe Reports. Brussels.

69. . Australian Government. (2019). National Hydrogen Strategy. Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources. Canberra.

70. . Frontier Economics. (2022). Nuclear power and the Australian electricity market: Comparative cost analysis. Frontier Economics Reports. Sydney.

71. . Western Green Energy Hub. (2023). Project overview: 50 GW renewable energy and hydrogen production hub. WGEH Publications. Perth.

72. . Asian Renewable Energy Hub. (2024). 26 GW renewable energy project for hydrogen and ammonia exports. AREH Reports. Perth.

73. . Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Consortium. (2021). Pilot project: First shipment of liquefied hydrogen from Australia to Japan. HESC Publications. Melbourne.

74. . World Nuclear Association. (2025). Uranium resources and exports from Australia. World Nuclear Association. London.

75. . Government of Montenegro, Ministry of Economy. (2011). Energy Policy of Montenegro until 2030. Government Publications. Podgorica.

76. . Hofhuis P, Cretti G, Popović M, Vojvodić H, Zweers W. (2021). The Green Agenda: Providing breathing space for Western Balkans citizens? Clingendael Policy Brief. Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. The Hague, July 2021.

77. . Western Balkans Investment Framework. (2024). Investment projects in renewable energy and hydrogen infrastructure in Montenegro. WBIF Reports. Brussels.

78. . European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. (2023). Financing renewable and hydrogen projects in Montenegro. EBRD Publications. London.

79. . Trans-Balkan Electricity Corridor Project. (2022). Integration of Western Balkans electricity networks with the EU. Regional Energy Community Secretariat. Belgrade.

80. . Alexander L. Gusev, A. M. Gafarov, P. H. Suleymanov, I. A. Habibov, Rauf Kh. Malikov, Ya. H. Hasanov, A. I. Levina, Pavel Mikheev, R. A. Ufa. Some aspects of reliability prediction of chemical industry and hydrogen energy facilities (vessels, machinery and equipment) operated in emergency situations and extreme conditions // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2024. – Volume 86. – Pр. 482-510. ISSN 0360-3199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.07.462. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319924032002)

81. . A. L. Gusev, T. G. Jabbarov, Sh. G. Mamedov, Rauf Malikov, N. M. Hajibalaev, S. D. Abdullaeva, N. M. Abbasov. Production of hydrogen and carbon in the petrochemical industry by cracking of hydrocarbons in the process of heat utilization in steel production // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2023. – Volume 48. – Issue 40. – Pр. 14954-14963. ISSN 03603199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.341. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319922062280)

82. . Gusev, A. L. Cleaning system for corrosive gases and hydrogen // Chem Petrol Eng. – 2009; 45:640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10556-010-9251-7

83. . Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2047813. Cryogenic tank. Gusev A. L., Kudryavtsev I. I., Kryakovkin V. P., Kupriyanov V. I., Terekhov A. S., Garkusha A. P. – Appl. 10.12.91., No. 5015702/26, publ. BI No. 31, MKI F17C3 / 00.

84. . Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2022204. Cryogenic tank and method for removing hydrogen from its vacuum cavity. Gusev A. L., Kudryavtsev I. I., Kryakovkin V. P., Kupriyanov V. I., Terekhov A. S. – Appl. 06/24/91., No. 4954398/26, publ. BI No. 20, 1994, MKI F17C3/08.

85. . A. L. Gusev, M. V. Kalmanova, P. A. Chaban, M. D. Hampton. Phenomenological thermodynamics of adsorption to substantiate the synthesis of an optimal hydrogen accumulator based on carbon nanotubes. Collection of abstracts of the IX International Student Scientific Conference «Polar Lights – 2006». Nuclear Future: Security, Economics and Law”. St. Petersburg, January 30 – February 4, 2006. Pр. 172-174.

86. . Yu. S. Nechaev, O. K. Alekseeva, A. L. Gusev, T. N. Veziroglu. Fundamental foundations and prospects for the development of nanocarbon «super» adsorbents for hydrogen storage on board a car // Alternative Energy аnd Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006. – No. 7. – Pp. 27-28.

87. . Yu. S. Nechaev, G. A. Filippov, A. L. Gusev. On the experimental and theoretical basis of developing a super hydrogen carbonaceous adsorbent for fuel-cell-powered vehicles // In: Book of Abstracts of &th Biennial International Workshop «Fullerenes and Atomic Clusters» (IWAFAC’2005), June 27 – July 1, 2005, St. Peterburg, Russia, (2005) 267.

88. . Yu. S. Nechaev, A. L. Gusev, B. K. Gupta, O. N. Srivastava, T. N. Veziroglu. On the experimental and theoretical basis developing a «super» hydrogen adsorbent // In: Transactions of International conference «Solid State Hydrogen Storage – Materials and Applications», January 31 – February 1, 2005, Hyderabad, India (2005).

89. . Yu. S. Nechaev, A. L. Gusev, B. K. Gupta, O. N. Srivastava, T. N. Veziroglu. On using graphite na- nofibers for hydrogen on-board storage // In: Transactions of International conference «Solid State Hydrogen Storage – Materials and Applications», January 31 – February 1, 2005, Hyderabad, India (2005).

90. . A. L. Gusev. Thermodynamic peculiarities of low-temperature regeneration of cryoadsorption devices in thermo-insulated cavities of cryogenic tanks // International Journal Hydrogen of Energy. – 2001; 26:863-871.

91. . RF Patent No. 2022202. Cryogenic tank. Gusev A. L., Kudryavtsev I. I., Kupriyanov V. P., Kurtashin V. E. – Appl. 04/24/91., No. 4931238/26, publ. BI No. 20, 1994, MKI F17C3/00, 3/08.

92. . A. L. Gusev. Features of the processes of storage and transportation of large amounts of hydrogen. I. Low-temperature regeneration of built-in cryoadsorption devices of large cryogenic hydrogen tanks // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2002. – No. 4.

93. . Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2022196. Cryogenic pipeline. Gusev A. L., Teleshevsky V. S. – Appl. 10.10.90., No. 4870140/29, publ. in BI No. 20, 1994, MKI F16L9 / 18.

94. . Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2052158. The method of operation of a vacuum cryoadsorption device in the heat-insulating cavity of a cryogenic tank. Gusev A. L., Isaev A. V., Kupriyanov V. I., Makarov A. A., Terekhov A. S. – Appl. 11/13/91., No. 5009136/06, publ. BI No. 1, 1996, MKI F04B37/02.

95. . A. L. Gusev, V. M. Belousov, I. V. Bachericova, E. V. Rozhkova. Hydrogen Sensor for Cryogenic vacuum objects. Abstacts book of NATO International Conference Katsiveli, Yalta, Ukraine September 02-08, 1999, p. 370.

96. . A. L. Gusev, E. V. Kudel’kina, P. A. Chaban, A. V. Ivkin, T. N. Veziroglu, M. D. Hampton. «Edel’weis-001» standardized unit for testing hydrogen transport sensors. The Proceedings for the 30th ISTC Japan Workshop on Advanced Catalysis Technologies in Russia, April 12-19, 2004, Visits to Companies in Japan, Sponsor: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan-Rissia Business Cooperation Committee; International Science and Technology Center (ISTC). Pр. 234-235.

97. . Gusev, A. L. Thermodynamic peculiarities of low-temperature regeneration of cryosorption devices in heat-insulation cavities of hydrogenous cryogenic tanks // International Journal Hydrogen of Energy. – 2001; 26:863-871.

98. . Ufa R. A., Vasilev A. S., Gusev A. L., Malkova Y. Y., Gusev A. S. Analysis of the influence of the current-voltage characteristics of the voltage rectifiers on the static characteristics of hydrogen electrolyzer load // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2021; 46(68):33670-33678.

99. . Ufa R. A., Malkova, Y. Y., Gusev A. L., Ruban N. Y., Vasilev A. S. Algorithm for optimal pairing of res and hydrogen energy storage systems // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2021; 46(68):33659-33669.

100. . Zhiznin S. Z., Timokhov V. M., Gusev A. L. Economic aspects of nuclear and hydrogen energy in the world and Russia // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2020; 45(56):31353-31366.

101. . Shalimov Y. N., Korol’kov V. I., Budnik A. P., Gusev A. L., Russu A. V. Analysis of Patents for Airplane Power Units // Russian Engineering Research. – 2019; 39(11):944-950.

102. . Zhiznin S. Z., Vassilev S., Gusev A. L. Economics of secondary renewable energy sources with hydrogen generation // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2019; 44(23):11385-11393.

103. . Zhiznin S. Z., Timokhov V. M., Gusev A. L. Economics of hydrogen energy of green transition in the world and Russia. Part I // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2022, In Print.

104. . Gusev A. L., Zolotukhin I. V., Kalinin Yu. E., Sitnikov A. V. Sensors of hydrogen and hydrogen-containing molecules // Alternative Energy and Ecology (IS- JAEE). – 2005. – No. 5. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/datchiki-vodoroda-i-vodorodsoderzhaschih-molekul (date of access: 07/30/2022).

105. . A. L. Gusev, V. M. Belousov, I. V. Bacherikova, L. V. Lyashenko, E. V. Rozhkova. Hydrogen Sensor for Cryogenic vacuum objects // Hydrogen Materials Science and Chemistry of Metal Hydrides. pp. 41-47, NATO Science Series. Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry. – Vol.71. Springer, Dordrecht. Editors by M. D. Hampton, D. V. Schur, S. Yu. Zaginaichenko and V. I. Trefilov. – https:// link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-0558-6_5

106. . Patent RF 2113871. Methods of preventing fires in closed vessels and pipelines and a cryogenic pipeline. IC 1 A62C2/00,3/00. BI 1 18, 1998. Gusev A. L., Belousov V. M., Kupriyanov V. I. et al., 1998.

107. . Gusev A. L., Belousov V. M., Bacherikova I. V., Lyashenko L. V., Rozhkova E. V. Hydrogen sensor for cryogenic-vacuum objects. Issues of Atomic Science and Technology. Series: Vacuum, Pure Materials, Superconductors. 1999. Issue. 1(9), pp. 28-32. Scientific project #1580 “Hydrogen detectors”, A. L. Gusev, 1999. (htpp: www.istc.ru)

108. . Gusev A. L., Belousov V. M., Bacherikova I. V., Lyashenko L. V., Rozhkova E. V. Hydrogen sensor for cryogenic-vacuum objects. Report at the Third International Symposium «Vacuum Technologies and Equipment». ISVTE-3. Kharkiv-1999, September 22-24, 1999. Abstracts of the IV th International Symposium on Diamond Films and Related Materials- ISDF4 (Kharkov, Ukraine, September 20-22, 1999).

109. . A. L. Gusev. Low-temperature sensors and hydrogen absorbers // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), Special issue. – 2003; 110-114:172.

110. . Bedulina D. S., Bliznetskaya E. A., Gusev A. L., Davydova A. V., Zasursky I. I., Zimov N. S., Lanshina T. A., Lemeshko N. A., Makarov I. A., Pisarevskaya A. M., Revich B. A., Romanovskaya A. A., Safonov G. V., Senova O. N., Servetnik V. V., Serebritsky I. A., Sidorovich V. A., Titov M. A., Trischenko N. D., Usov E. I., et al. Report of the Permanent Commission on Environmental Rights of the Presidential Council for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights «Green Turn» // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2020; 19(24):131-57.

111. . Goltsov V. A., Veziroglu T. N., Goltsova L. F., Gusev A. L. Up-to-day status of hydrogen economy and hydrogen vehicles: economy, techniques, infrastructure // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2003; S2: 18-19.

112. . V. A. Goltsov, T. N. Veziroglu, L. F. Goltsova, and A. L. Gusev. The current state of the hydrogen economy and hydrogen transport: economics, technology, infrastructure // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2003; S1: 21-22.

113. . Gusev A. L. The main environmental problems of the Nizhny Novgorod region and the ways of transition to a hydrogen economy // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006. – No. 1. – Pр. 13-24.

114. . Gusev A. L. Hydrogen for Progress. The Second International Conference Alternative sources of energy for big cities. – 2006; 22.

115. . Gusev A. L. First International Workshop on Safety and Economics of Hydrogen Transport- IFSSEHT-2000 // Popular Science Journal «Atom». – 2000; 14:44-6.

116. . A. L. Gusev, T. N. Veziroglu, Yu. A. Trutnev. WCAEE-2006 (Congress Volga) – Proceedings 1 // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006; 5(37):152.

117. . A. L. Gusev, T. N. Veziroglu, Yu. A. Trutnev. WCAEE-2006 (Congress Volga) – Proceedings 2 // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006; 6(38):116.

118. . A. L. Gusev, T. N. Veziroglu, Yu. A. Trutnev. WCAEE-2006 (Congress Volga) – Proceedings 3 // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006. – № 7(39). – P. 120.

119. . A. L. Gusev, T. N. Veziroglu, Yu. A. Trutnev. WCAEE-2006 (Congress Volga) – Proceedings 4 // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006. – № 8(40). – P. 144.

120. . A. L. Gusev, T. N. Veziroglu, Yu. A. Trutnev. WCAEE-2006 (Congress Volga) – Proceedings 5 // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006. – № 9(41). – P. 156.

121. . A. L. Gusev, T. N. Veziroglu, Yu. A. Trutnev. WCAEE-2006 (Congress Volga) – Proceedings 6 // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006. – № 10(42). – P. 84.

122. . A. L. Gusev. Energy generating element EGE-1 // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006. – № 8(40). – P. 125.

123. . A. L. Gusev. Project Report #3658p of ISTC – NISSAN MOTOR CORP. – STC TATA Project «Choice and analytical studies of conceptual V(N2-H2) hybrid nitrogen-hydrogen vehicle designs compared to the prototype FCV fuel cell vehicle».

124. . Kazaryan M. A., Lomov I. V., Shamanin I. V. Electrophysics of structured salt solutions in liquid polar dielectrics. Publisher: FIZMATLIT, Moscow, 2011, 192 p. ISBN: 978-5-9221-1324-3

125. . Gavrilov P. M., Gusev A. L., Kazaryan M. A., Trutnev Yu. A., Shamanin I. V. and others. RF patent for the invention No. 2428759 «Method of separating metal ions» (Application No. 2009122203, priority of the invention 06/09/2009, registered 09/10/2011, patent holder – Federal State Unitary Enterprise «Mining and Chemical Combine»).

126. . Boiko V. I., Shamanin I. V., Lomov I. V., Zherin I. I., Egorov N. B., Kazaryan M. A. The mechanism of selective drift of cationic aqua complexes in an asymmetric electric field // Collection of reports of the X All-Russian (international) scientific conference «Physical and chemical processes in the selection of atoms and molecules», October 3-7, 2005, Zvenigorod, 2005, 5 p.

127. . Boyko V. I., Kazaryan M. A., Lomov I. V., Shamanin I. V. The use of non-traditional electrophysical methods in solving the problem of complex processing of thorium-containing nuclear raw materials // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2005. – No. 9. – P. 5.

128. . Bojko, V. I., Kazaryan, M. A., Shamanin, I. V., Lomov, I. V. Effects conditioned by action of asymmetric electric field of high-frequency on aqueous solutions of salts // Kratkie Soobshcheniya po Fizike. – 2005; 7:28-38. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-31444438102&partnerID=40&md5=452394c3f68ef316ad174e86c02d3a9d DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus

129. . Boyko V. I., Kazaryan M. A., Lomov I. V., Shamanin I. V. The action of an asymmetric high-frequency electric field on aqueous solutions of salts (article) printed // Izvestiya TPU. – 2006. – No. 1. – Volume 309. – P. 5.

130. . Boyko V. I., Kazaryan M. A., Lomov I. V., Shamanin I. V. Evaluation of the size of the solvate shell of cationic aqua complexes in salt solutions // Izvestiya TPU. – 2006. – No. 4, Volume 309, p. 5.

131. . Boyko V. I., Kazaryan M. A., Lomov I. V., Shamanin I. V. The phenomenon of electrically induced selective drift of aquacomplexes in salt solutions // Short communications in physics FIAN. – 2006. – No. 7. – P. 9.

132. . Boyko V. I., Kazaryan M. A., Lomov I. V., Shamanin I. V. Frequency characteristics of the rotational-translational motion of cationic aqua complexes in an asymmetric electric field of high frequency // Collection of reports of the XI International scientific conference «Physical and chemical processes in the selection of atoms and molecules and in laser, plasma and nanotechnologies», December 11-15, 2006, Zvenigorod, 2006, 6 p.

133. . Boyko V. I., Kazaryan M. A., Lomov I. V., Shamanin I. V. An unconventional approach to solving the problem of complex processing of thorium-containing nuclear raw materials // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2006. – No. 12(44). – P. 5.

134. . Gusev A. L., Kazaryan M. A., Lomov I. V., Trutnev Yu. A., Shamanin I. V. Electrode-free technology of elemental enrichment of aqueous solutions of salts in the complex processing of nuclear raw materials // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2007. – No. 3(47). – 4 p.

135. . Kazaryan M. A., Shamanin I. V., Lomov I. V., Dolgopolov S. Yu. Sizes of solvated ions – clusters in salt solutions. Brief Communications on Physics FIAN, No. 8, 2007, 9 p.

136. . Kazaryan M. A., Shamanin I. V., Lomov I. V. Physical models and applications of the solvation process // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2007. – No. 11. – 9 p.

137. . Kazaryan M. A., Shamanin I. V., Melnik N. N., Lomov I. V., Dolgopolov S. Yu. Oscillations of the polarization charge in a salt solution in a polar dielectric: possible applications // Abstracts of the XII International scientific conference «Physical and chemical processes in the selection of atoms and molecules and in laser, plasma and nanotechnologies», March 31 – April 4, 2008, Zvenigorod, 2008, p. 62

138. . Dolgopolov S. Yu., Dyachenko A. N., Kazaryan M. A., Shamanin I. V., Lomov I. V. Magnetically induced mass transfer in an isolated salt solution // Abstracts of the XII International Scientific Conference «Physical and chemical processes in the selection of atoms and molecules and in laser, plasma and nanotechnologies», March 31 – April 4, 2008, Zvenigorod, 2008, p. 86

139. . Kazaryan M. A., Shamanin I. V. Electrical induced element separation in solution of salt in polar dielectric // Program and abstracts of 10th Intern. Workshop on Separation Phenomena in Liquids and Gases, August 11-14, 2008 – Angra dos Reis, Brazil, p. 12

140. . Kazaryan M. A., Dolgopolov S. Yu., Dyachenko A. N., Lomov I. V., Shamanin I. V. Magnetically induced mass transfer in an isolated salt solution // Proceedings of the XII International Scientific Conference «Physical and chemical processes in the selection of atoms and molecules and in laser, plasma and nanotechnologies», March 31 – April 4, 2008, Zvenigorod, 2008, TsNIIATOMINFORM, 2008, pр. 343-345.

141. . Kazaryan M. A., Shamanin I. V., Dolgopolov S. Yu., Lomov I. V., Melnik N. N. Oscillations of the polarization charge in a salt solution in a polar dielectric: possible applications // Proceedings of the XII International Scientific Conference «Physical and chemical processes in the selection of atoms and molecules and in laser, plasma and nanotechnologies», March 31 – April 4, 2008, Zvenigorod, 2008, TsNIATOMINFORM, 2008, pр. 332-338.

142. . Kazaryan, M., Shamanin, I., Melnik, N., Lomov, I., Dolgopolov, S., Lobanov, A. Oscillations of polarized charge in solution of salt in polar dielectric: Possible application in element and isotope separation in biology and nanotechnology // NATO Science for Peace and Security (2009) Series B: Physics and Biophysics, pp. 137-148. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77949519062&partnerID=40&md5=8d40c110a03a0f375d40545064d55d3f DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus

143. . Kazaryan M. A., Shamanin I. V., Melnik N. N., Lomov I. V., Dolgopolov S. Yu. Structure and radiophysical properties of salt solutions in liquid polar dielectrics // Chemical Physics. – 2009, vol. 28, no. 2, p. 7.

144. . Kazaryan, M. A., Shamanin, I. V., Lomov, I. V., Lobanov, A. N., Dolgopolov, S. Yu., Pinegin, V. I. The laser reconnaissance of the structure of solution of salts in the liquid polar dielectrics // Proceedings of SPIE – The International Society for Optical Engineering(2009), 7388, art. no. 73880W. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77951980893&partnerID=40&md5=7ed4be9ed8364ba6eea9cf0346c4ef89 DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper SOURCE: Scopus.

145. . Gusev A. L., Kazaryan M. A., Shamanin I. V. Effect of electric induced selective drift of solvated ions in solutions of salt in polar dielectric liquids (Scientific review) // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2014. – No. 8 (148), pp. 89-97.

146. . M. Kazaryan, I. Shamanin. Physics of the Phenomenon of Electrically Induced Elements Separation in Solutions of Salts in Liquid Polar Dielectrics // Armenian Journal of Physics. – 2009. – Volume 2. – Issue 3, p. 12.

147. . Kazaryan, M. A., Shamanin, I. V., Mel’Nik, N. N., Lomov, I. V., Dolgopolov, S. Yu. The structure and radiophysical properties of solutions of salts in liquid polar dielectrics // Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry. – B (2009); 3 (1):40-45. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67650480288&partnerID=40&md5=086c1215ef851390ac9db997fba1e76a DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus

148. . Kazaryan M. A., Shamanin I. V., Lomov I. V., Dolgopolov S. Yu., Dyachenko A. N., Lobanov A. N., Muravyov E. N. Electro- and magnetically induced transfer of solvated ions in an isolated salt solution in a polar dielectric // Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Technology. – 2010, 44, no. 1, p. 9.

149. . Dolgopolov S. Yu., Kazaryan M. A., Shamanin I. V., Lomov I. V. Separation of solvated cerium and lead cations in an aqueous solution of a mixture of nitrates under the action of an asymmetric electric field of low intensity // Perspektivnye materialy, special issue (8), 2010, February, 4 p.

150. . Kazaryan, M. A., Shamanin, I. V., Lomov, I. V., Dolgopolov, S. Yu., D’Yachenko, A. N., Lobanov, A. N., Murav’Ev, E. N. Electrically and magnetically induced transfer of solvated ions in an isolated solution of salt in a polar dielectric // Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering. – 2010; 44 (1):58-66. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77649269346&partnerID=40&md5=754e6da5109c6e48e6ac89d0cd6f3bea DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus

151. . Dolgopolov S. Yu., Kazaryan M. A., Shamanin I. V., Lomov I. V. Spatial distribution of inertially different solvated cations during separation by an external asymmetric electric field // Perspektivnye materialy, special issue. – 2011, February, (10), p. 5.

152. . Kazaryan M. A., Shamanin I. V. The Separation of Solvated Cations and Anions Under Electromagnetic Wave Action // Proceedings 11th Workshop on separation phenomena in liquids and gases, Saint-Petersburg, June 13-18, 2010. – St. Petersburg, 2011, p. 9.

153. . Kazaryan, M. A., Shamanin, I. V., Lomov, I. V., Dolgopolov, S. Y., Lobanov, A. N. Formation of associates of solvated cations in salt solutions in polar dielectric liquids // Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute. – 2011; 38 (9):247-254. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80053544081&partnerID=40&md5=d57cc70c563150be8f89cbf2b77cd1a4 DOCUMENT TYPE: Article SOURCE: Scopus.

154. . Shamanin I. V., Kazaryan M. A. The Use of Electrical Induced Selective Drift of Solvated Ions in Solutions Phenomena in Technologies // International Journal of Research in Physical Chemistry. – 2012. – Vol. 2, № 4, p. 5.

155. . Shamanin, I. V., Kazaryan, M. A., Lomov, I. V., Dolgopolov, S. Yu. Application of electrical induced selective drift of solvated ions in solutions phenomena in chemical technologies // Proceedings – 2012 7th International Forum on Strategic Technology. – 2012, IFOST 2012, art. no. 6357757. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84871839850&partnerID=40&md5=99d57055fe2204310ad12ff83e2f5262 DOCUMENTTYPE:ConferencePaperSOURCE:Scopus

156. . Gusev A. L., Kazaryan M. A., Lomov I. V., Trutnev Yu. A., Shamanin I. V. The action of an external asymmetric electric field on salt solutions in dielectric liquids: physics of the process and applications // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2013, No. 05/2 (126), 12 p.

157. . Gusev A. L., Kazaryan M. A., Lomov I. V., Trutnev Yu. A., Shamanin I. V. Structuring solutions in polar dielectric liquids and separation of solvated ions under the action of an external asymmetric electric field // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2013. – No. 06/2. – Р. 13.

158. . Gusev A. L. Theoretical foundations of superinsulation: emergency regimes of superinsulation of cryostats 1. Effusion-induced hydrogen and heat-conducting instability // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2002. – No. 4. – Рр. 28-39.

159. . Gusev A. L. Electrosorption phenomena in the layers of screen-vacuum insulation of hydrogen reservoirs // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2007. – No. 4. – Рр. 204-205.

160. . Gusev A. L. Residual pressure anomalies in superinsulation during emergency operation of cryogenic objects // Alternative Energy and Ecology (IS- JAEE). – 2000. – No. 1. – Рр. 55-75.

161. . Gusev A. L. Emergency operation modes of superinsulation of hydrogen cryostats // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2003. – No. S1. – Pp. 49-50.

162. . A. L. Gusev. Electrosorption phenomena in screen – vacuum heat insulation layers project summary: writing of the monograph // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2000. – No. 1. – Pр. 234-238.

163. . A. L. Gusev, M. D. Hampton, I. V. Zolotuchin, J. E. Kalinin, A. T. Ponomarenko, V. S. Travkin, T. N. Veziroglu. SUPERINSULATION: NEW EFFECTS, STRUCTURES, Design PRINCIPLES. Extended Ab- stracts of the «Eurofillers’ 01» Conference, July 9-12, 2001, Lodz (Poland) Technical University of Lodz., C-10, pp.102/C-10/1 – 103/C-10/2.

164. . Gusev A. L. Features of the processes of storage and transportation of large amounts of hydrogen. I. Low-temperature regeneration of built-in cryoadsorption devices of large cryogenic hydrogen tanks // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2002. – No. 4. – Pp. 56-68.

165. . Gusev A. L. Thermodynamic peculiarities of low-temperature regeneration of cryosorption devices in heat-insulation cavities of hydrogenous cryogenic tanks // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2001. – V. 8. – P. 863.

166. . A. L. Gusev. Brief information on the project: «Electrosorption phenomena in the layers of screen-vacuum thermal insulation» // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2000, issue 1, pp. 229-233.

167. . A. L. Gusev, E. V. Kudel’kina, T. N. Veziroglu, M. D. Hampton. Electrosorption phenomena in layers of shield-vacuum heat insulation of hydrogen reservoirs in emergency operating conditions. The Proceedings for the 30th ISTC Japan Workshop on Advanced Catalysis Technologies in Russia, April 12-19, 2004, Visits to Companies in Japan, Sponsor: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan-Rissia Business Cooperation Committee; International Science and Technology Center (ISTC). – P. 231.

168. . A. L. Gusev, E. V. Kudelkina, M. D. Hampton, T. N. Veziroglu. Electrosorption phenomena in the layers of screen-vacuum body insulation of hydrogen reservoirs under emergency operating conditions. Proceedings of Conference EuroSun 2004 and 14th International ForumSun (14. Internationales Sonnenforum of DGS e. V.) – June 20-23, 2004 (Freiburg, Germany) and Intersolar 2004, June 24-26, 2004 (Freiburg, Germany). Germany, pp. 2-567 – 2-586, 2004.

169. . A. L. Gusev. Low-temperature regeneration of cryoadsorption devices in thermo-insulated cavities of cryogenic tanks // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2004;12.

170. . A. L. Gusev. Flaw detection of large cryogenic objects, taking into account the effect of effusion-induced hydrogen instability of superinsulation // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2000, issue 1, pp. 103-108.

171. . RF Patent No. 2052158. The method of operation of a vacuum cryoadsorption device in the heat-insulating cavity of a cryogenic tank. Gusev A. L., Isaev A. V., Kupriyanov V. I., Makarov A. A., Terekhov A. S. – Appl. 11/13/1991., No. 5009136, published in BI No. 1, 01.10.96., MKI F04B 37/02.

172. . RF Patent No. 2027942. A method of maintaining vacuum in the heat-insulating cavity of a pipeline of the «pipe in pipe» type. Gusev A. L., Kupriyanov V. I. – Appl. 07/08/1991, No. 5018602/05, publ. BI No. 3, 01/27/95, MKI F16L 59/04.

173. . Gusev A. L. ISTC Project No. 2026. Monograph “Electrosorption Phenomena in Screen-Vacuum Thermal Insulation Layers. // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2004. – Issue2, pp. 67-71.

174. . Gusev A. L. Chemical cartridges-hydrogen recombiners // Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). – 2008. – No. 4. – Рр. 122-125.

175. . RF Patent No. 2109261. Method for defectoscopy of a cryogenic vessel. Gusev A. L., Garkusha A. P., Kupriyanov V. I., Kryakovkin V. P., Shvanke D. V. – Appl. 27.02.96., No. 96103913/28, publ. 04/20/98., BI No. 11, 1998, MKI G01M3 / 28.

176. . RF Patent No. 2022204. Cryogenic tank and method for removing hydrogen from its vacuum cavity. Gusev A. L., Kudryavtsev I. I., Kryakovkin V. P., Kupriyanov V. I., Terekhov A. S. – Appl. 06/24/91., No. 4954398/26, publ. BI No. 20, 1994, MKI F17C3/08.

177. . RF Patent No. 2082910. Cryogenic tank and method for activating a chemical absorber before placing it in the heat-insulating cavity of a cryogenic tank. Gusev A. L., Kudryavtsev I. I., Kupriyanov V. I., Kryakovkin V. P., Terekhov A. S. – dec. 11/13/91., No. 5009266/26, publ. BI No. 18, 1997, MKI F17C3 / 00, 13/00.

178. . RF Patent No. 2082911. Cryogenic tank. Gusev A. L., Kudryavtsev I. I., Kupriyanov V. I., Kryakovkin V. P., Terekhov A. S. – Appl. 11/13/91., No. 5009089/25, publ. BI No. 18, 1997, MKI F17C3/08.

179. . Shvets N. N., Filippova A. V., Basov E. V. Energy Security in the Arctic Zone // The Handbook of the Arctic. A Broad and Comprehensive Overview. – Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022. – Pр. 323-348.

180. . Zhiznin S. Z., Shvets N. N., Timokhov V. M., Gusev V. M. Economics of hydrogen energy of green transition in the world and Russia. Part I // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2023. – Vol. 48, No. 57.

181. . Zhiznin S. Z., Cherechukin A. V. Economic and ecological facet of introduction the clean coal technoloies in China (Ekonomicheskie i ekologicheskie aspekty vnedreniya chistykh ugol’nykh tekhnologii v Kitae) // Ugol. – 2019; 3:56-59 (in Russ.).

182. . Shvets, N. Globalization of the power sector as factor for sustainable development and energy security / N. Shvets, A. Philippova, G. Kolesnik // International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. – 2020. – Vol. 10, No. 1. – Pр. 185-192.

183. . A. N. Egorov, D. M. Anoshin, D. A. Makarov, V. E. Yurin. Technical and economic justification for the use of a closed hydrogen cycle to expand the control range of a nuclear power plant // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. – 2026; 155309. ISSN 0360-3199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.155309. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319926019476)

184. . Ammar Alkhalidi, Shatha Alyazouri, Belal Almomani, A. G. Olabi, Abdul Hai Alami, Thanh Mai Vũ, Ala’aldeen Al-Halhouli, Mohamad K. Khawaja, Nuclear hydrogen prospects in MENA region with economic insights // International Journal of Thermofluids. – 2026. – Volume 32, 101568. ISSN 2666-2027, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101568. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666202726000248)

185. . U. S. Department of Energy. 2020. DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program, «Program Areas». Accessed online: https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/program_areas.html.