Buy (120 RUB)
|Generate QR code
Open Access
Subscription or Fee Access
ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF A CONTINUOUS-TYPE HYBRID PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEM FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2016.09-010.066-081
Abstract
In this study, we conceptually develop and thermodynamically analyze a new continuous-type hybrid system for hydrogen production which photoelectrochemically splits water and performs chloralkali electrolysis. The system has a potential to produce hydrogen efficiently, at low cost, and in an environmentally benign way by maximizing the utilized solar spectrum and converting the byproducts into useful industrial commodities. Furthermore, by using electrodes as electron donors to drive photochemical hydrogen production, the hybrid system minimizes potential pollutant emissions. The products of the hybrid system are hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide, all of which are desired industrial commodities. The system production yield and efficiencies are investigated based on an operation temperature range of 20°C-80°C. A maximum energy efficiency of 42% is achieved between the temperatures of 40°C and 50°C.
About the Authors
Canan Acar
University of Ontario Institute of Technology
Canada
Canada
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science,
2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4
Information about the author: PhD Candidate at UOIT and a member of Dr. Dincer’s group, where she conducts research on photoelectrochemical hydrogen production since September 2012; a research assistant at Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.
Research area: complex metal hydride based hydrogen storage systems, photoelectrochemical hydrogen production; waste management/material conservation.
Ibrahim Dincer
University of Ontario Institute of Technology
Canada
Research area: hydrogen and fuel cell systems; photoelectrochemical hydrogen production.
Canada
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science,
2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4
Information about the author: Prof., D.Sc., Full Professor in the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology in Oshawa, Canada; an active member of various international scientific organizations and serves as Editor-in-Chief, Associate Editor, Regional Editor and Editorial Board Member on various prestigious international journals.Research area: hydrogen and fuel cell systems; photoelectrochemical hydrogen production.
References
1. International Energy Agency Technical Report, 2013 Key World Energy Statistics, Website: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf; 2013 [accessed 01.10.2013].
2. Allison I, Bindoff NL, Bindschadler RA, Cox PM, de Noblet N, England MH, Francis JE, Gruber N, Haywood AM, Karoly DJ, Kaser G, Le Quere C, Lenton TM, Mann ME, McNeil BI, Pitman AJ, Rahmstorf S, Rignot E, Schellnhuber HJ, Schneider SH, Sherwood SC, Somerville RCJ, Steffen K, Steig EJ, Visbeck M, Weaver AJ. The Copenhagen Diagnosis: Updating the World on the Latest Climate Science. The University of New South Wales Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC), 2009, Sydney, Australia.
3. Oppenheim J, Beinhocker ED. Climate Change and the Economy–Myths versus Realities. McKinsey & Company, Inc. 2009, Davos, Switzerland.
4. Dincer I, Zamfirescu, C. Sustainable Hydrogen Production Options and the Role of IAHE. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37: 16266–16286.
5. Rand DAJ, Dell RM. Fuels – Hydrogen Production Coal Gasification. Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, 2009, 276–292.
6. Lewis NS, Nocera DG. Powering the Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy Utilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006, 15729–15735.
7. Lewis NS, Crabtree G. Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization: Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Solar Energy Utilization, April 18-21, 2005” US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Science, 2005, Washington, DC.
8. Dincer I, Zamfirescu, C. Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications. Springer, 2011, New York.
9. Zamfirescu C, Dincer I, Naterer GF. Analysis of a Photochemical Water Splitting Reactor with Supramolecular Catalysts and a Proton Exchange Membrane. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36: 11273–11281.
10. Zamfirescu C, Dincer I, Naterer GF, Banica R. Quantum Efficiency Modeling and System Scaling–up Analysis of Water Splitting with Cd1−xZnxS Solid–solution Photocatalyst. Chemical Engineering Science, 2013, 97: 235–255.
11. van de Krol R, Grätzel M. Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production. Springer, 2012, New York.
12. Vinodgopal K, Hotchandani S, Kamat PV. Electrochemically Assisted Photocatalysis–TiO2 Particulate Film Electrodes for Photocatalytic Degradation of 4–Chlorophenol. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1993, 97: 9040–9044.
13. Hoffmann MR, Martin ST, Choi W, Bahneman DW. Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Chemical Reviews, 1995, 95: 69–96.
14. Byrne JA, Eggins BR, Byers W, Brown NMD. Photoelectrochemical Cell for the Combined Photocatalytic Oxidation of Organic Pollutants and the Recovery of Metals from Waste Waters. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 1999, 20: 85–89.
15. Solarska R, Santato C, Jorand–Sartoretti C, Ulmann M, Augustynski J. Photoelectrolytic Oxidation of Organic Species at Mesoporous Tungsten Trioxide Film Electrodes under Visible Light Illumination. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2005, 35: 715–721.
16. Quan X, Yang S, Ruan X, Zhao H. Preparation of Titania Nanotube and Their Environmental Applications as Electrode. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005, 39: 3770–3775.
17. Bak T, Nowotny J, Rekas M, Sorrell CC. Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation from Water Using Solar Energy: Materials–related Aspects. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2002, 27: 991–1002.
18. Fujishima A, Honda K. Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode. Nature 1972, 238: 37–38.
19. Wrighton MS, Ellis AB, Wolczanski PT, Morse DL, Abrahamson HB, Ginley DS. Strontium–titanate photoelectrodes–efficient photo–assisted electrolysis of water at zero applied potential. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1976, 98: 2774–2779.
20. Ki HY, Tae HK. Photo–effects in undoped and doped SrTiO3 ceramic electrodes. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 1987, 67: 359–363.
21. Huang CW, Liao CH, Wu JCS, Liu YC, Chang CL, Wu CH, Anpo M, Matsuoka M, Takeuchi M. Hydrogen generation from photocatalytic water splitting over TiO2 thin film prepared by electron beam–induced deposition. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35: 12005–12010.
22. Liao CH, Huang CW, Wu JCS. Novel dual–layer photoelectrode prepared by RF magnetron sputtering for photocatalytic water splitting. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37: 11632–11639.
23. Prasad G, Chandra Babu KS, Srivastava ON. Structural and photoelectrochemical studies of In2O3–TiO2 and WSe2 photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical production of hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1989, 14: 537–544.
24. Khaselev O, Bansal A, Turner JA. High–efficiency integrated multijunction photovoltaic/electrolysis systems for hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2001, 26: 127–132.
25. Licht S, Wang B, Mukerji S, Soga T, Umeno M, Tributsch H. Efficient solar water splitting, exemplified by RuO2–catalyzed AlGaAs/Si photoelectrolysis. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2000, 104: 8920–8924.
26. Huang CW, Liao CH, Wu CH, Wu JCS. Photocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen using multi–junction solar cell with different deposited thin films. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2012.07.003.
27. Khan SUM, Al–Shahry M, Ingler W B. Efficient photochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n–TiO2. Science 2002, 297: 2243–2245.
28. Cooper JK, Ling YC, Longo C, Li Y, Zhang JZ. Effects of hydrogen treatment and air annealing on ultrafast charge carrier dynamics in ZnO nanowires under in situ photoelectrochemical conditions. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2012,116:17360–17368.
29. Yang XY, Wolcott A, Wang GM, Sobo A, Fitzmorris RC, Qian F, Zhang JZ, Li Y. Nitrogen-doped ZnO nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Letters 2009, 9: 2331–2336.
30. Wang GM, Yang XY, Qian F, Zhang JZ, Li Y. Double-sided CdS and CdS equantum dot co-sensitized ZnO nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation. Nano Letters 2010, 10: 1088–1092.
31. Shi J, Starr MB, Xiang H, Hara Y, Anderson MA, Seo JH, Ma ZQ, Wang XD. Interface engineering by piezoelectric potential in ZnO-based photoelectrochemical anode. Nano Letters 2011, 11: 5587–5593.
32. Kay A, Cesar I, Gratzel M. New benchmark for water photooxidation by nanostructured α-Fe2O3 films. Journal of American Chemical Society 2006, 128: 15714–15721.
33. Sivula K, Le Formal F, Gratzel M. Solar water splitting: progress using hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoelectrodes. ChemSusChem 2011, 4: 432–449.
34. Zhong DK, Sun JW, Inumaru H, Gamelin DR. Solar water oxidation by composite catalyst α-Fe2O3 photoanodes. Journal of American Chemical Society 2009, 131: 6086–6087.
35. Wang GM, Ling YC, Lu XH, Zhai T, Qian F, Tong YX, Li Y. A mechanistic study into the catalytic effect of Ni(OH)2 on hematite for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Nanoscale 2013, 5: 4129–4133.
36. Sayama K, Nomura A, Arai T, Sugita T, Abe R, Yanagida M, Oi T, Iwasaki Y, Abe Y, Sugihara H. Photoelectrochemical decomposition of water into H2 andO2 on porous BiVO4 thin-film electrodes under visible light and significant effect of Ag ion treatment. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2006, 110: 11352–11360.
37. Ng YH, Iwase A, Kudo A, Amal R. Reducing graphene oxide on a visible-light BiVO4 photocatalyst for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2010, 1: 2607–2612.
38. Long MC, Cai WM, Kisch H. Visible light induced photoelectrochemical properties of n-BiVO4 and n-BiVO4/p-Co3O4. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2008, 112: 548–554.
39. Chatchai P, Murakami Y, Kishioka SY, Nosaka AY, Nosaka Y. Efficient photocatalytic activity of water oxidation over WO3/BiVO4 composite under visible light irradiation. Electrochimica Acta 2009, 54: 1147–1152.
40. Wang GM, Ling YC, Wang HY, Yang XY, Wang CC, Zhang JZ, Li Y. Hydrogen-treated WO3 nanoflakes show enhanced photostability. Energy and Environmental Science 2012, 5: 6180–6187.
41. Zhang XH, Lu XH, Shen YQ, Han JB, Yuan LY, Gong L, Xu Z, Bai XD, Wei M, Tong YX, Gao YH, Chen J, Zhou J, Wang ZL. Three-dimensional WO3 nanostructures on carbon paper: photoelectrochemical property and visible light driven photocatalysis. Chemical Communications 2011, 47: 5804–5806.
42. Feng XJ, LaTempa TJ, Basham JI, Mor GK, Varghese OK, Grimes CA. Ta3N5 nanotube arrays for visible light water photoelectrolysis. Nano Letters 2010, 10: 948–952.
43. Cong YQ, Park HS, Wang SJ, Dang HX, Fan FRF, Mullins CB, Bard AJ. Synthesis of Ta3N5 nanotube arrays modified with electrocatalysts for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2012, 116: 14541–14550.
44. Yang Y, Ling YC, Wang GM, Lu XH, Tong YX, Li Y. Growth of gallium nitride and indium nitride nanowires on conductive and flexible carbon cloth substrates. Nanoscale 2013, 5: 1820–1824.
45. Sun JW, Liu C, Yang PD. Surfactant-free, largescale, solution-liquid-solid growth of gallium phosphide nanowires and their use for visible-light-driven hydrogen production from water reduction. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011, 133: 19306–19309.
46. Liu C, Sun JW, Tang JY, Yang PD. Zn-doped ptype gallium phosphide nanowire photocathodes from a surfactant-free solution synthesis. Nano Letters 2012, 12: 5407–5411.
47. Maeda K, Higashi M, Siritanaratkul B, Abe R, Domen K. SrNbO2N as a water-splitting photoanode with a wide visible-light absorption band. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011, 133: 12334–12337.
48. Banerjee S, Mohapatra SK, Misra M. Synthesis of TaON nanotube arrays by sono electrochemical anodization followed by nitridation: a novel catalyst for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation from water. Chemical Communications 2009, 45: 7137–7139.
49. Higashi M, Domen K, Abe R. Highly stable water splitting on oxynitride TaON photoanode system under visible light irradiation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2012, 134: 6968–6971.
50. Chen YW, Prange JD, Duhnen S, Park Y, Gunji M, Chidsey CED, McIntyre PC. Atomic layer-deposited tunnel oxide stabilizes silicon photoanodes for water oxidation. Nature Materials 2011, 10: 539–544.
51. Sun K, Park N, Sun ZL, Zhou JG, Wang J, Pang XL, Shen SH, Noh SY, Jing Y, Jin SH, Yu PKL, Wang DL. Nickel oxide functionalized silicon for efficient photo-oxidation of water. Energy and Environmental Science 2012, 5: 7872–7877.
52. Strandwitz NC, Comstock DJ, Grimm RL, Nichols-Nielander AC, Elam J, Lewis NS. Photoelectrochemical behavior of n-type Si(100) electrodes coated with thin films of manganese oxide grown by atomic layer deposition. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2013, 117: 4931–4936.
53. Wheeler DA, Wang GM, Ling YC, Li Y, Zhang JZ. Nanostructured hematite: synthesis, characterization, charge carrier dynamics, and photoelectrochemical properties. Energy and Environmental Science 2012, 5: 6682–6702.
54. Zhang JZ. Metal oxide nanomaterials for solar hydrogen generation from photoelectrochemical water splitting. MRS Bulletin 2011, 36: 48–55.
55. Irie H, Watanabe Y, Hashimoto K. Nitrogenconcentration dependence on photocatalytic activity of TiO2−xNx powders. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2003, 107: 5483–5486.
56. Chen XB, Liu L, Yu PY, Mao SS. Increasing solar absorption for photocatalysis with black hydrogenated titanium dioxide nanocrystals. Science 2011, 331: 746–750.
57. Serpone N. Is the band gap of pristine TiO2 narrowed by anion- and cation-doping of titanium dioxide in second-generation photocatalysts? Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2006, 110: 24287–24293.
58. Chemelewski WD, Hahn NT, Mullins CB. Effect of Si doping and porosity on hematite’s (α-Fe2O3) photoelectrochemical water oxidation performance. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2012, 116: 5256–5262.
59. Qian F, Wang GM, Li Y. Solar-driven microbial photoelectrochemical cells with a nanowire photocathode. Nano Letters 2010, 10: 4686–4691.
60. Rabbani M, Dincer I, Naterer GF. Efficiency assessment of a photoelectrochemical chloralkali process for hydrogen and sodium hydroxide production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39: 1941–1956.
61. Moran MJ, Shapiro H, Boettner DD, Bailey MB. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. John Wiley and Sons, 2011, New York.
62. Chandrand RR, Chin DT. Reactor Analysis of Chloralkali Membrane Cell. Electrochimica Acta, 1986, 31.1: 39–50.
63. Ulleberg O. Modeling of Advanced Alkaline Electrolyzers: A System Simulation Approach. InternationalJournal of Hydrogen Energy, 2003, 28.1: 21–33.
Review
For citations:
Acar C., Dincer I. ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF A CONTINUOUS-TYPE HYBRID PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEM FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION. Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE). 2016;(9-10):66-81. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2016.09-010.066-081
Views:
818
Email this article 