The proposed developments in the field of wave power plants - VELS are a continuation of the topic of the publication "Method of converting wave energy into electricity". Journal "Alternative Energy and Ecology" No. 19-21 2017. Based on the materials of this article, a working prototype of a gyroscopic transducer of angular displacement energy was made, which confirmed the practical efficiency of the proposed concept of converting the energy of angular displacements into electricity using power gyroscopic modules. But the disadvantages inherent in the proposed construct were also identified. Taking into account the results obtained, two innovative designs of VELS were developed: а). "Gyroscopic converter of sea wave energy" . The essence of the invention: аn innovative device of an active float type without mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic transmission links. The conversion of swing energy on the wave surface of water into electricity is carried out by means of the developed innovative spherical oscillatory electric generator. The stabilization of the rotor of the electric generator in space relative to the stator oscillating together with the casing - the float is carried out by the power gyroscopic unit. The use of the proposed conversion scheme allows to significantly increase the efficiency and reduce the weight and dimensions in comparison with the existing designs. The devices are designed to operate in both anchored and free-floating modes.
Analogues for purpose: they have a number of significant drawbacks - low efficiency, unsatisfactory weight and dimensions, non-transportability, complicated maintenance and repair, interference with navigation and fishing. This significantly hinders the widespread use of wave power plants. For example: pelamis Wave Power - "sea snakes". They are extremely large in size, low efficiency, difficult to maintain and repair, not easily transportable, pose a threat to shipping and fishing. Development status: Patent RU 2 688 857 C1 International application PCT / RU2019 / 000403 A working prototype of the device has been manufactured, which has confirmed its operability.
Technologies required for manufacturing: for the manufacture of the proposed converter of sea wave energy into electricity, no super technologies are required. Manufacturing can be organized on a production base with modern machine tools and technological equipment. Scope: due to the fact that the niche of wave power plants is currently virtually free, the scope of the proposed converter is extremely wide. Throughout the world's oceans - where their wavelength characteristics are appropriate. Expected effect of use: ocean waves are capable of generating 80 thousand TWh of electricity annually. For the efficient development of this potential energy, the present development is intended. b). "Stationary sea wave energy converter". The essence of the invention: an innovative device of the active float type without mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic transmission links has been developed. The conversion of swing energy on the wave surface of water into electricity is carried out by means of the developed innovative spherical oscillatory electric generator. The developed floats are intended for installation on wave platform power plants of the Wave Star Energy type (Denmark), which generates electricity from the energy of raising and lowering the floats on the wave surface of the sea. The total energy of the sea wave consists of the sum of the kinetic energy of the rise and fall of the conventional displacement body and the energy of the angular displacements of the conventional displacement body. Moreover, both the one and the other energy are equal in magnitude. ... The proposed design of the float, which includes a spherical linear generator, makes it possible to sum up the energy of the rise and fall of the float and the energy of the angular displacements of the float. Analogues by purpose: existing analogs use only the energy of lifting and lowering a displacement body on the surface of a wave to generate electricity. For example Wave Star Energy (Denmark). Technologies required for manufacturing: to manufacture the proposed converter of sea wave energy into electricity, no super technologies are required. Manufacturing can be organized on a production base with modern machine tools and technological equipment. Scope: due to the fact that the niche of wave power plants is currently virtually free, the scope of the proposed converter is extremely wide. Coastal zones of the world's oceans. Expected effect of the application: the use of the proposed floats as part of platform wave power plants can increase their power efficiency by 100%.

Powdered thermoelectric materials Bi_2-xHo_xTe_2.7Se_0.3 (x = 0; 0.001; 0.0025; 0.005) were obtained by the method of solvothermal synthesis. The possibility of obtaining nanomaterials based on holmium-doped bismuth telluride is shown. The influence of holmium concentration on the parameters of the crystal lattice, morphology and average size of the synthesized particles were studied. Bulk materials Bi2-xHoxTe2.7Se0.3 were obtained by spark plasma sintering. All obtained samples were textured, the crystallographic axis of the texture (0 0 l) is directed parallel to the direction of pressure application during compaction. The development of the texture is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and XRD analysis. The grains in the textured samples form an ordered lamellar structure, and the lamellar sheets lie in a plane perpendicular to the direction of pressing. An increase in the concentration of holmium leads to an increase in the degree of texturing. The thermoelectric properties of bulk materials Bi_2-xHo_xTe_2.7Se_0.3.

One of the ways to improve the efficiency of power plants, including nuclear power plants, can be the use of hydrogen energy complexes and hydrogen-oxygen steam generators in their composition. This is done by electrolysis production of hydrogen and oxygen and their further use in technological schemes of power units in the form of thermal energy. Fundamental in assessing the efficiency of such use of hydrogen technologies is the efficiency of hydrogen combustion in oxygen medium under different schematic-parametric conditions. In this paper combustion processes were studied in terms of evaluating efficiency of the hydrogen-oxygen mixture combustion at various pressures and an oxidizer excess. For this purpose, a calculation model of combustion processes of the hydrogen-oxygen mixture, including heat and mass transfer under the boundary conditions of the experiment was verified on the basis of the experimental data, obtained at 4-section flame tube. Has shown that increasing the pressure of the combustion products leads to a noticeable decrease in hydrogen underburning. The maximum effect is observed in the third section of the flame tube (a reduction by 56.72%), and the minimum effect is found in the first section (a reduction by 7.58%). In this case, the average specific reduction in hydrogen underburning in sections I-IV of the flame tube within the considered pressure ranged between 8.13, 17.41, and 31.34%/MPa, respectively. An increase in an oxidizer excess lead to a regular decrease in hydrogen underburning. In this case, the maximum decrease in hydrogen underburning is achieved with an oxidizer excess ratio of 2 in the third section of the flame tube (a reduction by 58.86%). At the same time, an increase in the positive effect of increasing pressure is observed. In this case, in the first two sections of the flame tube, the greatest dependence on the increase of an oxidizer excess ratio is observed. Thus, the maximum relative reduction in hydrogen underburning is achieved at the pressure of 6 MPa, and as a result amounts to 24.46% and 43.5% with the oxidizer excess ratio at 1.5 and 2, respectively.

The article deals with the technology of combined production of electric and thermal energy using the preliminary air conversion of pyrolysis liquid of automobile tires into synthesis gas, followed by its supply to the battery of an electrochemical generator. The electric power of the installation is 100 kW, the mains heater is 126 kW. Methods of physicochemical modeling and compilation of energy balances are used to determine the main energy characteristics of the installation. It is shown that the specific consumption of pyrolysis liquid for the production of electrical energy is 108 g / kWh (169 g of fuel equivalent / (kW ∙ h)), and the heat consumption is 30 kg / GJ (196 kg of fuel equivalent / Gcal). The fuel utilization rate is 46.4%.
The specific consumption of natural and equivalent fuel of this unit is slightly higher than the specific fuel consumption at power plants operating on hydrocarbon natural fuels, but at the same time, significantly lower than that of autonomous diesel-electric power plants.
Recommendations on the use of pyrolysis liquid for the generation of electrical and thermal energy using a hightemperature fuel cell based on SOFC are given.

The development of the global hydrogen industry as part of the new energy sector is largely hampered by the low efficiency of hydrogen conversion and synthesis and the high cost of the final raw materials. Similar problems accompanied by the problems of transportation are tackling global hydrogen trade. A new method capable to ease fundraising for venture projects of hydrogen production is tokenization based on security/utility tokens. Tokens are issued on a popular blockchain network e.g. Ethereum and serve as an independent means of trade and warranties through applicable smart contract (which can also enable stepwise payments), to include a specific type of contract and a unique encryption key. There are pilot projects to tokenize traditional industries, such as, mining – and they turned out to be complex fundraising/settlement tools for participants. The article suggests several use cases for security and utility tokens in hydrogen in order to facilitate development of the hydrogen industry and reduce respective state incentives by raising mass investments and automating future transportation of hydrogen to the global market. It also discusses the future of favorable legislative environment for this kind of financial tool.

Anaerobic digestion is an efficient way to process organic waste to produce biogas. At the same time, one of the stages of anaerobic digestion is dark fermentation, which makes it possible to obtain biohydrogen. To increase the bioavailability and efficiency of mass transfer between substrate particles and hydrolytic and, as a result, increase the efficiency of dark fermentation, it is advisable to pretreat organic waste by various methods. One of the most promising and energy efficient methods of preparing the substrate for anaerobic fermentation, including dark fermentation, is its processing in the vortex layer apparatus (VLA). However, not all aspects of VLA application in anaerobic digestion substrate pretreatment systems have been fully considered: in order to introduce the VLA into the organic waste dark fermentation system, it is necessary to determine, among other things, the energy characteristics of VLA under various modes of its operation, and the data obtained must be used in the development of the energy balance of the anaerobic processing system. Thus, the purpose of this work is to experimentally determine the thermal effects of pretreatment of dark fermentation substrates in VLA under various modes of its operation using the response surface methodology. To achieve this goal, an experimental setup was developed and created, which made it possible to conduct an experiment using the experiment matrix built in the Design-Expert software, based on the central composite design (CCD). The resulting models and their response surfaces have a determination coefficient of more than 0.99, which indicates their adequacy. The coefficient of conversion of electricity into heat on the VLA coil is on mean at the level of 0.54±0.11, and the coefficient of useful use of heat VLA for heating the initial substrate is 0.42±0.06, which indicates a high potential for using waste heat. Thus, the obtained models of thermal effects of pretreatment of dark fermentation substrates in the vortex layer apparatus can be used to determine both the heat directly introduced into the feedstock during pretreatment and the heat removed by the heat exchanger to maintain the VLA operating mode. In this case, the heat removed by the heat exchanger can be used as a source of low-grade heat.

Degradation of waste with a nitrocellulose content of about 75% and humidity of 80% under strictly anaerobic conditions under various temperature conditions has been studied. The possibility of decomposition of nitrocellulose under the action of the native anaerobic microflora of the bottom sediments of the sludge accumulator without an additional source of organic substances, as well as with the additional introduction of a source of nutrients, post-alcohol bard - waste of alcohol production was tested. In order to intensify the decomposition process of NC containing waste, the use of anaerobic consortia of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms from existing industrial anaerobic bioreactors was investigated. It is shown that nitrocellulose accumulated in sludge accumulators does not undergo any changes and remains explosive for decades. Stimulation by an additional source of biogenic elements and the development of native microflora made it possible to reduce the concentration of nitrocellulose by 44 % in 100 days under anaerobic conditions and a process temperature of 35 °C. The use of a mesophilic biocatalyst with a volume loading of 30 % (of the volume of the liquid phase of the bioreactor) and an anaerobic process temperature of 35° C reduces the concentration of nitrocellulose by 39 %. The maximum decomposition of NC is achieved when a thermophilic biocatalyst is introduced with a volumetric loading of 30 % (of the volume of the liquid phase of the bioreactor) with a decomposition efficiency of 99 % in 100 days. The rate constant of decomposition of NC using a thermophilic biocatalyst was 0.0248 day-1, while the half–life of NC was 28 days.

In connection with the aggravation of the crisis of energy resources, the issue of creating energy-efficient systems using secondary energy resources occupies an important place. Air exchange in the premises is calculated based on the need to ensure minimum sanitary and epidemiological standards and create comfortable conditions for stay, work and other types of life. The software complex of universal computing programs opens up new unique design opportunities that allow predicting the outcome of an event with maximum accuracy, improving the quality of design. A physicomathematical model of stationary natural-convective and forced turbulent modes of flow of viscous heat-conducting air in a room has been developed. When searching for the optimal ventilation system in the furnace shop, we were guided, first, by regulatory documents that create boundary conditions within which a solution is being sought. The calculations were carried out for several typical variants of air supply to the building.