The article outlines the main provisions of a new methodology for determining emissions of pollutants during the life cycle of wind power plants (WPPs) using aggregated indicators. The rationale for the use of aggregated indicators is given. An algorithm is described for determining emissions of pollutants CO₂eq (carbon dioxide), SO₂eq (sulfur dioxide) and PO₄eq (phosphates) during the production of elements of wind farms and wind power plants (WPP). The results of calculations of emissions of CO₂eq, SO₂eq and PO₄eq during the life cycle for land-based wind farms (Kazachya wind farm and Arkhangelsk wind farm) with an installed capacity of 100 and 340 MW are presented and the environmental effect of their use is determined.

   This publication discusses new methods for the energy use of biomass, including various types of waste, developed at the Joint Institute of High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (JIHT RAS). The implementation of the developed solutions will allow to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and thereby reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Methods of transition to low-carbon energy developed in Russia may differ from the solutions used in other countries mainly based of using solar and wind power plants. Russia has huge resources of renewable plant biomass, including various types of waste. JIHT RAS has developed a number of technologies for converting biomass waste into valuable energy products: producing high-calorie synthesis gas, which can be used as fuel for gas piston and gas turbine units; energy-efficient torrefaction technology – producing high-quality solid biofuel for distributed energy supply. The development of industrial production of installations that implement the technologies being developed will make it possible to compensate for possible budget losses for our country associated with a reduction in oil and coal exports.

   Currently, the volume of waste generation is growing at a high rate. Anaerobic digestion is an effective way to process organic waste to produce biogas. To increase the bioavailability and efficiency of mass transfer between substrate particles and microorganisms, it is advisable to pre-treat organic waste using various methods. One of the most promising and energy-efficient methods for preparing a substrate for anaerobic bioconversion is its processing in a vortex layer apparatus (VLA). However, there are some limitations in the VLA operation. Thus, to exclude the stagnant central zone from the volume of the working chamber and increase the magnitude of the magnetic field in the working chamber of the vortex layer apparatus, a ferromagnetic core in the form of a steel pipe was coaxially mounted.

   Thus, the purpose of this work is to experimentally study the effect of the ferromagnetic core of the working chamber of the vortex layer apparatus on the production of biogas during anaerobic bioconversion of a model of organic waste from the agricultural sector.

   To achieve this goal, an experimental plant was developed and created. The experimental data obtained suggest the high efficiency of pre-treatment of the feedstock in VLA with a ferromagnetic core in the working chamber before anaerobic bioconversion. The developed anaerobic bioconversion system made it possible to increase the methane production rate by 287 % with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 days and by 3.5 times with a HRT of 2 days compared to the control. At the same time, the methane yield with a HRT of 4 days increases by 43 %, and with a HRT of 2 days, it decreases by 14%. The hydrogen sulfide content in biogas also increases more than three times, while no hydrogen was detected in the biogas. Thus, pretreatment of the feedstock in VLA with a ferromagnetic core to produce biohythane in a one-stage anaerobic bioconversion system is impractical.

   The article discusses a simplified approach to modeling the processes occurring in the combustion chamber of a hot water boiler with an inclined-pushing grate. Numerical modeling of the water-heating boiler of the Kovrov plant KVm-4D was carried out, on the basis of which recommendations for improving its design were proposed, and the results of numerical modeling of temperature fields and concentrations of combustion products were clearly presented. Thermal calculations were performed under various operating modes and the design of the boiler combustion chamber and the effectiveness of the proposed changes was shown. A detailed approach to performing thermal calculations of a boiler unit with flue gas recirculation has been developed.

   The article discusses the possibility of applying the concept of a «transition link» from hydrocarbon to «green» energy. It is based on a comprehensive study of the application of photosynthetic processes for the treatment of industrial wastewater and the production of bioethanol from biomass. Studies were carried out using a mass spectrometer on the chemical composition of algae formed in various environments (industrial waste and purified water). During the experiments, samples of bioethanol were obtained. It was concluded that the adsorption capacity of Zn, Mg, Fe, Al, Si, and Pb ions is significant. The possibility of purifying industrial wastewater using freshwater plants/algae was studied, up to the water quality requirements in accordance with the standards of the Federal Fisheries Agency of the Russian Federation.

   The article deals with issues related to the uninterrupted supply of electricity to consumers remote from the central power plant. In the climatic conditions of Turkmenistan, a scheme is proposed for connecting combined photovoltaic solar and wind power plants to the energy system. The method of connection to the electric power system is explained in detail and the relevance of designing combined systems for the production of electricity is described. Also, for reliability in the calculations, it is proposed in the design work a technique for using software.

   Hydrogen is widely considered as a "clean" source of energy in the conditions of the energy transition agenda. The paper proposes a model of automation of so-called "green" hydrogen production on the basis of hydroelectric power plants. Hydrogen production by means of HPPs is ensured by the presence of dips in the schedule of daily energy consumption, which ensures the use of reserve capacities of HPPs. Hydrogen is produced by electrolysis using an electrolyzer and RES energy. In order to optimize the production, ap-hardware sensors located in the electrolyzer and in the dam of the HPP are integrated with each other for data collection, which entails a corresponding reengineering of the information system supporting the energy production process. Also on the basis of data analysis and application of machine learning methods the optimal level of hydrogen production will be found taking into account the available amount of energy from RES. The result of the article is a set of model descriptions of the architecture of the hydrogen production system at the hydroelectric power plant during the period of power consumption failure, which can be realized due to flexible management of reserve capacity on the basis of IoT and machine learning.

   The article considers the actual problem of energy utilization of solid municipal waste, most of which is currently buried in landfills. The estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from these anthropogenic objects is given. It is noted that a promising direction of landfill biogas utilization is bio-hydrogen production. The authors present the results of laboratory studies on the production of biomethane from organic-containing waste with its further conversion into biohydrogen. On the example of a large landfill of solid municipal waste the possible geo-ecological effect due to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the energy utilization of biogas is shown.

   Due to the increased demand for energy resources and the continuous increase in population, the use of RES from biomass and waste is becoming increasingly popular. The work analyzed existing approaches to solving global environmental and social problems through the use of landfill gas generated at municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, as well as further reforming of biogas into biohydrogen. Waste monitoring was also carried out on the territory of LR and St. Petersburg. It was found that more than 12 million m3 of MSW of hazard classes 1-5 are formed annually in the region. It has been shown that the majority of waste is biodegradable organic matter (about 20%). To increase the biogas potential of MSW landfills during degassing and create additional economic benefits, a system for blowing and irrigation of landfill masses with the addition of a substrate from residual biomass of Chlorella microalgae was proposed. It is proposed to improve the scheme for sorting and using organic waste through selective collection and separation from the total mass of waste at the site of generation. A waste flow diagram has been developed taking into account the material balance of MSW in LR and St. Petersburg. Using this scheme will avoid contamination of other recycled MSW components. In addition, the work proposes a scheme for the further use of biomethane obtained at MSW landfills. Using reforming, it is proposed to purify the resulting gas to biohydrogen. The production of biohydrogen from biogas is cost-effective and can become an alternative to petroleum products. This technology could become a key element in the production of environmentally friendly fuels and the reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

   Hydrogen has great potential as an alternative energy carrier. It is the most widespread element on Earth, but it cannot be obtained in pure form - hydrogen is in compounds with other chemical elements. Technological difficulties of obtaining and the initial stage of development of such technologies determine the high cost of hydrogen as an energy carrier at present. One of the ways to produce hydrogen on the existing production infrastructure is the option of hydrogen production by electrolysis at hydroelectric power plants. This article considers just such a method of hydrogen production and attempts to assess the economic feasibility of hydrogen production by this method with the existing technologies.

   The purpose of the article is to analyze the life cycle of hydrogen produced at hydroelectric power plants in terms of costs at each stage.

   The article analyzes each stage of the life cycle of hydrogen as an energy carrier produced at hydroelectric power plants and compares it with the production of other types of hydrogen. The conclusion states the current economic feasibility of this method of obtaining a renewable energy source and the prospects for the development of hydrogen energy in terms of the development, distribution and cheapening of technologies.

   The economy of the Russian Federation is aimed at developing a fuel and energy complex that uses environmentally friendly energy, which corresponds to the global trend of reducing emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere during the production of various types of products. Decarbonization is one of the biggest challenges of modern society. To solve this problem, renewable energy sources are being actively introduced, as well as various types of fuel, the combustion of which produces a minimum content of emissions. Among them, we can highlight the fuel that has the greatest prospects; this is hydrogen, a fuel with the highest energy content, reaching a value of 120 MJ/kg. Unlike renewable energy sources, the practice of which in a number of countries has caused a crisis in the reliability of the energy system, hydrogen technologies make it possible to achieve the task of decarbonization with minimal impact on the environment at all stages: production, transportation, combustion, without compromising reliability. The main problems of mass introduction of hydrogen technologies are the difficulty in obtaining, transporting and storing hydrogen fuel. Following the signing of hydrogen strategies, most developed countries are considering using hydrogen as a vehicle fuel. Hydrogen transport, unlike electric transport, is not limited by range, but the high cost of hydrogen transport and the lack of refueling infrastructure hinder the development of this type of technology. Currently, the most common fuel cell system is FCV (fuel cell vehicle). The article presents the concept of hydrogen refueling, taking into account different technologies for the production of hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen must be stored at a filling station at a pressure of 300-800 bar, in a gaseous or liquid state. An analysis of the cost of construction and  subsequent operation of hydrogen filling stations revealed criteria for the economic efficiency of their implementation, depending on the amount of fuel consumed and the storage method.

   All the major economies across the globe have been working towards achieving a commercial viability of fuel cell-powered (FCV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) amid limited fossil fuel reserves as well as environmental factors. Working in the similar direction, the presented work is an experimental investigation on ionic hydrogen storage in an activated carbon (AC) electrode integrated in a modified reversible polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) for transport applications that is carried out with an aim to check the cost benefits over the HEVs. A lab scale PEFC is developed and equipped with a self-standing porous aC electrode for hydrogen adsorption/desorption. The developed PEFC is test run and recorded parameters are compared with a typical HEV for cost benefit analysis using HOMER Pro microgrid software. The obtained results confirm the technical feasibility of the concept and showcase the lower cost of FCV compared to a HEV for a fixed span of running life time. The ingress and egress of hydrogen within the developed PEFC of 6.25 cm² active area successfully stored 559.65 mAh/g during charging and give out 510.51 mAh/g while discharging. Various such cells could be stacked either in series or parallel to meet the load demand of the HEV drive motors. It is a maiden attempt to present a real-time cost comparison between a FCV and a HEV that would contribute towards make a selection of future vehicles in a sustainable society.

   Nowadays, renewable energy sources (RES) are an integral part of electric power systems (EPS) development programmes. It has been established that RES-based generation units use voltage source converter (VSC) for energy conversion. On the one hand, the use of VSC provides certain advantages (possibility of operation in all quadrants of the PQ-diagram, possibility to connect RES to a weak grid). On the other hand, widespread use of RES with the use of VSC reduces the overall inertia of EPS, which increases the probability of undesirable undamped power oscillations that reduce the stability of EPS operation. To ensure reliable operation of EPS with RES with VSC, it is necessary to modernise the automatic control system of VSC taking into account the requirements for conventional generation as part of EPS. This paper presents the results of application of the power oscillation damping regulator implemented in the VSC, which improves the stability of EPS.

   Hydrogen plays a crucial role in the quest for sustainable and clean energy solutions, and its effect on smart home energy management is of particular interest. With the rapid advancements in smart home technologies, energy optimization has become essential, aiming to achieve efficient energy consumption, cost reduction, and enhanced user comfort. Green hydrogen, produced through the electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources, emerges as a promising solution for sustainable energy. It offers numerous benefits, including zero greenhouse gas emissions, high energy density, and versatile applications. In the context of this study, the enhanced northern goshawk optimization (ENGO) algorithm and the original northern goshawk optimization (NGO) algorithm are investigated for optimizing smart home energy management. By employing a two-stage approach based on high and low-velocity ratios, ENGO overcomes the limitations of NGO, such as low exploitation capability and being trapped in local optima. The study demonstrates that ENGO outperforms NGO in achieving multiple objectives simultaneously, including reducing the peak-to-average ratio (PAR), lowering electricity costs, and ensuring user comfort. Furthermore, ENGO proves to be more robust, capable of handling complex smart home energy management problems with multiple constraints. Thus, the integration of hydrogen solutions, such as green hydrogen, with advanced optimization techniques like ENGO, can significantly contribute to the effective management of energy resources in smart homes, promoting sustainability and user satisfaction.