Part III of this five-part international study consolidates and extends the conceptual, methodological, and technological foundations established in Parts I-II, presenting the first integrated assessment of how diverse European states contribute to the formation of a continental nuclear-hydrogen architecture. Building on the theoretical model of the nuclear-hydrogen paradigm and the global typology of nuclear-hydrogen powers developed earlier in the study, this article analyzes the emerging strategies of Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Serbia countries whose roles remain underrepresented in existing research yet are increasingly influential in shaping Europe’s decarbonization trajectory.

The analysis demonstrates how non-nuclear microstates (Luxembourg, Liechtenstein) become regulatory, financial, and logistical nodes of the hydrogen economy through participation in cross-border certification systems, sustainablefinance mechanisms, and the European Hydrogen Backbone. Germany, following its nuclear phase-out, is constructing one of Europe’s most ambitious hydrogen ecosystems, supported by advanced research in thermochemical cycles, SMR safety, and large-scale electrolysis. Poland and Hungary are building next-generation nuclear platforms (AP1000, VVER-1200), forming the technological basis for future high-temperature hydrogen production. Serbia is establishing the institutional foundations of a civilian nuclear program and exploring SMR-based hydrogen generation as a strategic vector of national modernization.

Integrating these country-level trajectories with the author’s original technological concepts including the nuclearnitrogen cycle, plasma electrolysis, cryogenic hydrogen infrastructure, and nuclear-metallurgical coupling Part III forms the central analytical axis of the entire study. It links the theoretical paradigm of Parts I-II with the strategic R&D roadmap and the hydrogen-civilization framework developed in Parts IV-V, establishing a unified multilevel model for understanding the evolution of nuclear-hydrogen systems in Europe and beyond.

This article introduces a new universal scientometric metric – Anchor Citation Impact (ACI) – designed for the quantitative assessment of structural scientific influence across any field of knowledge. Unlike traditional citation-based indicators (h-index, total citation counts, normalized metrics), ACI captures the functional role of a citation within the structural framework of a scientific study.

The metric is based on identifying anchor citations – those references that play a key role in formulating the theoretical framework, methodology, model, proof, or interpretation of results. A critical element of the definition is the priority position of a reference in the bibliography: a citation is considered anchor if it appears in positions 1-3 of the citing article’s reference list.

A formal algorithm for anchor‑citation classification is proposed, incorporating structural, lexical, and functional features, along with a mathematical model for calculating ACI for individual researchers, research groups, institutions, and scientific disciplines. The methodology is validated using multidisciplinary datasets from Scopus, Web of Science, and Dimensions, demonstrating robustness and reproducibility of results.

The study shows that ACI reveals deep scientific influence that is not reflected in traditional metrics and providesa more accurate assessment of the conceptual significance of scientific contributions. ACI can be integrated into evaluation systems for researchers, institutions, grant programs, and scientific fields, forming a foundation for a more fair and content-oriented assessment of scientific impact.

Microalgae are autotrophic microorganisms that use carbon dioxide as a carbon source. Strains of these microorganisms are used in a wide variety of industries. There are different ways to cultivate microalgae, one of the most promising is the use of a closed photobioreactor system. At the same time, the productivity of these systems remains relatively low. Various modifications are used to increase the yield of biomass, one of which is a module for electrophysical impact. Based on this, a photobioreactor with a device of electrophysical impact was developed to optimize the supplied DC voltage. The results obtained on the chemical composition of the biomass made it possible to select a suitable DC voltage, as 1,2 V, to stimulate culture growth and will be used in studies using other carbon dioxide sources. An analysis of the daily growth dynamics of microalgae under the influence of DC voltage was also carried out, which showed the need to reduce the hydraulic retention time to increase productivity.

The study is devoted to assessing the efficiency of replacing diesel generator sets (DGS) of the emergency power supply system with proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) power units at the research object – Units No. 3 and No. 4 of Leningrad NPP-2 equipped with VVER‑1200 reactors. Based on the analysis of the power reserve determined by the difference between the design and actual capacity factors, the equipment of the NPP’s hydrogen generation complex was selected to supply hydrogen to the PEMFC system. It is shown that the annual electrolysis output (≈ 2.27 million Nm³ H₂) exceeds the fuel cell demand, creating a surplus available for sale. The transition to PEMFC reduces the required area by a factor of 5.6, but the system mass increases due to the hydrogen storage receivers. The techno-economic analysis of the measure showed that at current prices the project option is inferior to the baseline (NPV –138 million USD vs. –114 million USD). The sensitivity analysis revealed that the specific cost of PEMFC is the key factor: its reduction to ~600 USD/kW achieves parity, while at 400 USD/kW the project solution becomes advantageous. The results indicate the prospects of integrating hydrogen fuel cells into the emergency power supply of NPPs in the medium term.

The scientific article evaluates the efficiency of a combined cycle gas turbine unit using the extended exergy metering method. The extended exergy accounting method allows for a quantitative comparison of physical energy flows and non-energy quantities. Resource consumption is estimated, capital expenditures and environmental impact are calculated. The method describes various scenarios of general base consumption of primary resources. The facility under study is located in Basra, has an efficiency of 58 %, and provides high exergy annihilation of up to 1,000 MW. A combined cycle gas turbine plant is economically feasible. Part of the installation uses solar energy to increase efficiency. Fuel savings per year with proper optimization can reach up to 35 % per year. This is due to the high thermodynamic potential and low energy consumption of 750 MW. With the integration of a modern automatic control system, the installation of solar collectors and the use of air-water cooling, the plant’s productivity increases by up to 63 %. The net capacity is increased from 350 MW to 410 MW. There is a slight increase in capital costs, but at the same time energy losses are reduced by 73 % and service reliability is improved. The losses of the combined plant in thermodynamic processes are analyzed. The reasons for the decrease in power indicators and efficiency are revealed. Electric energy costs are decreasing, net present value and internal rate of return are increasing, and power indicators are increasing.

The purpose of the scientific research is to optimize the power parameters and reduce the energy losses of a combined gas turbine installation using the extended exergy method.

The scientific novelty of the article lies in the quantitative comparison of production processes and the expansion of traditional exergetic analysis.

The application of the extended exergy accounting method improves the thermodynamic performance and efficiency of fuel processes. The thermodynamic execution of processes is optimized through the compilation of the exergetic balance, efficiency, identification and control of the installation elements with the greatest exergetic losses.