The paper shows the necessity of power consumption modes and energy balance optimization of an intelligent network (Smart Grid) with a function of two-way energy flow based on the alternative energy sources. In this regard, the concept of a generating consumer which provides the ability to flexibly regulate energy flows and equalize the load schedule as well as to minimize the financial costs of the consumed energy are introduced for the active consumers. The paper’s key point is the use of self wind resources which are quite large in the coastal zone of the Far East and on the Russky and Popov islands. A new mathematical model of the optimal energy balance has been developed with the participation of generating consumers and an alternative source of energy in the form of a wind resource as an intelligent system with a two-way flow of energy. Moreover, the paper proposes a system for selecting the priority of generation sources which minimizes the material and financial costs of the electric consumer. At the same time, the swarm particle of swarm algorithm is used as a universal method for solving the optimization multi-criterion problem. The new concept of an intelligent network with active consumers and a two-way flow of energy from alternative sources with the function of its accumulation allows significantly increasing the energy efficiency of wind resources using. Considering special status of some territories of the Far East and the shortage of energy resources, using of alternative energy of wind flows can largely solve the energy problem.

The paper deals with the features of wind-diesel units operation at a high frequency of wind speed variations. Various options of the wind farm complex layout are considered on the basis of the following input data: 1) consumer load schedule (Ust-Voyampolka village in the Kamchatka Territory); 2) the characteristics of domestic diesel-generator sets and supercapacitors; 3) characteristics of wind power generators of Chinese production. We have made the estimates using a balance model and two calculation algorithms which differ in the details of the initial data on the wind regime (the periodicity of the data is 3 hours and 2 seconds respectively). It is proposed to optimize the energy complex composition by partitioning the diesel generator set and by using a supercapacitor battery to compensate for the variable output of wind generators. It is shown that under the typical wind conditions and daily load graphs of the consumer, the optimum capacity of the supercapacitor battery in the wind farm is 324 Wh. Moreover, increasing the capacity of supercapacitor does not reduce fuel consumption. Comparison of technical and economic characteristics of the supercapacitors and batteries with a similar energy capacity suggests that the supercapacitor module can have an advantage over the battery due to cost and resource parameters, as well as higher permissible charge-discharge currents. It is shown that the introduction of a wind-electric generator into the system can lead not only to a decrease in the consumption of diesel fuel, but also to a deterioration of the technical and economic indicators of the diesel generator set due to its operation at low power.

Beginning with a review of the causes, dangers and impacts of human induced (anthropogenic) climate change— with an emphasis on oceans and sea-level rise—the article moves defines the role of energy currencies and why the concept of currencies is key to identifying systemic climate change solutions.

The article then sets out a six-step rationale showing why the twin energy currencies hydrogen and electricity (hydricity)  must  dominate  future  energy  systems—if  we  are  to  have  a  chance  to  escape  worldwide  climate catastrophe. It concludes with a few reflections on hydricity and thoughts on why a vigorous transition to hydricity has not yet begun.

Using the methods of current-voltage characteristics and spectroscopy of electrochemical impedance, the paper studies the features of proton and electron transfer in high-porous electrodes of the hydrogen fuel cell containing Nafion mainly in insular form in a wide range of concentrations.

Electrode structures were manufactured in two steps: 1. Mechanical mixing of platinized carbon black of the E-TEK type, carbon nanofibers of the Taunit MD type (manufactured in Tambov) and the water -i-propanol dispersion of Nafion; 2. Ultrasonic homogenization to obtain a homogeneous dispersion of electrode material. The resulting dispersion was applied directly to a proton-conductive membrane of the Nafion-212 type. The quantities of the initial components were measured gravimetrically, the component composition of the electrode material was monitored by thermogravimetric analysis. The structure of the obtained materials was studied by the methods of scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

The given electrodes in the membrane-electrode assembly were activated by repeatedly cycling the potential difference from the potential of the open circuit to ~ 0 until the voltage-current characteristics stabilized. The ion resistance determined by the resistance to proton transfer was measured by the method of electrochemical impedance in the region of high frequencies of the hodograph and by the method of current-voltage characteristics in a wet (activated) electrode in the membrane-electrode assembly. The electronic resistance was measured in an air-dry electrode in which the ionic resistance of a dry Nafion was several orders of magnitude larger than the electron resistance and practically did not contribute to the value of the measured resistance.

The dependence of the ion resistance on the Nafion content is shown to have a minimum at 40% mass. The electronic resistance increases linearly with the increase in the Nafion content. The extreme nature of the dependence of the ion resistance on the Nafion content is explained by the decrease in the concentration of the water generation centers (platinum nanoparticles) with the increase in the Nafion content to some practical value at which the water produced is not sufficient to completely moisten Nafion.

The paper discusses the prospects of using metal-air electrochemical current sources, in particular the advantages of using magnesium as an anode. The methods for increasing the efficiency of the anode, electrolyte and cathode are analyzed. Moreover, the paper presents the comparative electrochemical characteristics of various metals used as an anode, their effectiveness, advantages, and availability. At the same time, this research considers a number of problems that are specific to metal-air current sources and ways to overcome them. We discuss the methods for reducing the cost of magnesium production and utilization of the by-product of the reaction – magnesium hydroxide based on a new technology (ECOATOM, LLC; Republic of Armenia).

The paper considers the prospects of using fuel cells as a source of energy for aircraft. For their supply, it is suggested to use hydrogen accumulation systems based on aluminum hydrides which are the most safe and efficient in terms of energy capacity, extraction temperature. The technologies for obtaining materials based on aluminum hydrides can be transferred from previously developed technologies of the production of electrolytic capacitors. The brief comparative analysis of existing fuels and forms of fuel storage is given. The paper substantiates the use of aluminum for the accumulation of hydrogen in the form of metal hydride. The most detailed consideration is given to the anodic treatment of aluminum, because the formation of aluminum hydride needs a foil with a high degree of surface development. A high degree of development of the material surface makes it possible to carry out processes of rapid charging of the material with hydrogen ions in the formation of aluminum hydrides. The presence of pores on the foil surface provides an increase in the degree of adaptation of the functional properties of the drive to the operating modes of the power plant. This property is due to the ability to flexibly control the process of the pore structure formation of a given morphology providing the necessary reduction effect. The paper presents the basic positions determining the peculiarity of the anodic processing of aluminum foil. These positions deal with the physicochemical properties of the pure aluminum and its compounds, oxides and hydrides, and their behavior under the conditions of the electrochemical reactions. Moreover, the paper indicates the possibility of parallel processes on electrodes: the oxidation and reduction of water, which are necessary condition for ensuring the self-consistent processes in the processing of aluminum. The experimental data have been obtained using the internal friction devices. We have shown the prospects of using of the aluminum hydrides in aviation and substantiated the solution to energy problems in aviation on the basis of deepening and expanding the scale of research into hydrogen energy technologi es. The results of the work can be used for the technology of volumetric storage and transport of electric energy.

The paper considers the peculiarities of pyrolytic synthesis and attestation of carbon nanostructured materials. It is noted that the factors which influence the formation of the product during pyrolysis could be: the reactor design, the method of energy introduction, preparation and chemical composition of the gas mixture, as well as the choice and preparation of the catalyst. We have researched the nanocarbon products during their heating from room temperature to 1,400 ° C and have found out the temperature interval of their interaction with air. The features oxidation by air various carbon nanomaterials are shown to be individual for each nanostructure. The studies of soot, fullerites, nanotubes, graphite have made it possible to give a qualitative assessment of the presence in the products of synthesis (unknown composition) of various carbon structures. The temperatures of the change in mass proved to be useful for determining the composition of their mixtures.

The paper shows that analysis of the curves corresponding to the oxidation of the initial fullerene-containing soot indicates the presence of at least three phases in the sample. Moreover, pyrolysis products analysis has showed that the degree of graphitization of such structures exerts a special influence on the interaction parameters (speed and temperature) of carbon nanostructures with air oxygen. During the acetylene pyrolysis, a mirror graphite-like film forms on the walls of the quartz reactor. The nature of its oxidation curves is identical to the character of the oxidation of graphite MPG-7, but is somewhat shifted to the high-temperature region. In this paper, a complex analysis of carbon nanostructures obtained by various methods is carried out for the first time, and it is also shown that carbon nanostructures can be classified according to their thermal stability in air at normal pressure.

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The paper deals with the problem of large daily uneven energy consumption which leads to the need to change energy production within a day resulting in lower utilization of installed capacity, improving fuel consumption by thermal power plants. The use of electricity for heating solves the problem of the accumulation and subsequent application of electricity in the night hours of power system load failure with double tariff of the pricing principle. Electrical heating system efficiency is greatly increased when overheated buildings in the night period on 1–4 ºC that almost does not affect the comfort of the residency.

The paper proposes a scheme of a minor overheating building which leads to some energy consumption for heating, but reduces financial costs as a result of load transfer for the night period with low tariff and significant reducing electric power consumption for heating in the daytime period. The calculations using non-stationary thermal balance of the Yekaterinburg's apartment house with electric heating have showed that reduction of financial expenses for heating the 5.18–3.86 rub/m² when overheated constructions building at 2–3 ºC is possible compared with direct connection without overheating in the night period; comparison with convection heating also demonstrates the appropriateness of the proposed scheme with daily electrical heating regulation.