Due to the special urgency of creation and commissioning of new production of renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies, the investment assessment of large-scale projects of development and implementation of such technologies is an extremely important issue. The present article is aimed at developing a method for evaluating investments in renewable energy sources. The paper analyzes the relevance of the problem of changing the structure of electricity generation to increase the share of low-carbon generation. The need for low-carbon generation capacity is determined. The criteria for selecting the location of wind power plants are considered. The cost and production cost of wind turbines in production has been studied. The economic efficiency of the investment project of wind turbine production is calculated. It is concluded that it is expedient to produce wind power plants in modern economic conditions. The method of investment evaluation proposed by the authors can be scaled to the processes of investment analysis of other projects related to renewable energy sources, including hydrogen energy.

Hydrogen as an energy carrier represents an intermediate link in the transformation of waste into energy sources. The study demonstrates optimization possibilities for hydrogen production from lignin, wheat straw, and softwood sawdust under acidogenic conditions at 20 °C and 35 °C using a hybrid approach combining physicochemical and microbiological processes. The acidogenic activity of biocatalyst was increased by at least 40% through its cultivation at pH 5,5 for 35 days. Eliminating delignification and implementing combined oxidative depolymerization of waste coupled with acid hydrolysis and thermolysis enabled efficient conversion of organic matter into soluble form, with 22-36% being reducing sugars. The fastest accumulation of biogas and hydrogen occurred at 35 °C during the biotransformation of pretreated wheat straw. For hydrogen production from pine sawdust and lignin, replacement of at least 25% of the substrate COD with glycerol is recommended. Under optimal conditions in continuous UASB reactor operation, biogas production reached 0.75 L/L-reactor/day with a hydrogen content of 50-67%.

The relevance of the study is due to the need to find new ways to dispose of municipal solid waste (MSW) and to develop technologies for the production of low-carbon hydrogen as part of the transition to sustainable energy. The study aims to justify the possibility of using MSW in the process of hydrogen production at existing thermal power plants (TPPs). The goal of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating a hydrogen production complex based on the gasification of MSW into the thermal scheme of an existing steam-gas thermal power plant. The study uses mathematical modeling of energy equipment in the United Cycle CAD system. The study focuses on the South Thermal Power Plant-22 in St. Petersburg. The study showed that integrating a hydrogen production complex into an existing thermal power plant does not affect the electricity and heat supply to existing consumers. It has been established that the implementation of the complex contributes to an increase in the energy efficiency of the steam-gas unit, regardless of the morphological composition of the processed waste, up to 11,1% in the absence of a synthesis gas cooler. It has been shown that the integration of a synthesis gas cooler into the thermal scheme of the steam-gas unit provides an additional energy effect by increasing the fuel heat utilization factor (FHUF) to 12%.

The process of producing hydrogen through the use of thermal energy has been studied economically, technologically and practically. Hydrogen is produced using natural gas by steam conversion of methane.

The methane is captured and enters the hydrogen cooking process. This process is performed by thermolysis of methane in a solar reactor at high temperatures. In this process, solar energy is a source of heat. Water is electrolyzed at a temperature of 700 to 1000 ° C in order to extract hydrogen from the water. Next, the methane is completely decomposed by cracking.

The methods of the hydrogen production process are compared. The application of this chemical element in industry as an energy carrier is described. The effectiveness of the industrial application of hydrogen using solar energy has been proven.

The aim of the study is to extract hydrogen using ion exchange membrane technology using a solar electrolyzer.

The scientific work was carried out using two methods: direct connection of the photovoltaic system to a hydrogen analyzer and indirect analysis of hydrogen using solar electrolysis. The solar electrolysis system includes arrays with solar cells and an automatic MRRT controller for maximum power search. A DC DC converter is used for stable roundthe-clock operation of the controller at maximum power. This converter supplies the analyzer with the required current. Solar-hydrogen power systems that use solar electrolysis contain water tanks. During the daytime, electrical energy is generated, which is further consumed by splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen. At night, the hydrogen stored in the tanks is used to generate electrical energy.

The method of direct connection to the analyzer is less effective than indirect analysis. The disadvantage of direct connection is the instability of sunlight during the day. The effectiveness of indirect analysis is expressed in the addition of potassium hydroxide. This increases the ionization of the electrolyte and, consequently, improves the flow of hydrogen.

The transition to oxygen-fuel energy cycles for the combined production of electricity and hydrogen production is a promising way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere in the energy sector. This paper describes the developed oxygen-fuel energy complex with an integrated steam methane reforming unit based on the SCOC-CC cycle for the production of electricity and hydrogen with minimal carbon dioxide emissions into the environment. During the thermodynamic study, it was found that when the produced hydrogen at the outlet of the SMR unit changes from 0 kg/s to 1,33 kg/s, the fuel heat utilization coefficient of the oxygen-fuel energy complex with an integrated SMR unit based on the SCOC-CC cycle is 1,7-6,14% higher than that of the oxygen-fuel energy complex with an integrated SMR unit based on the Allam cycle. This is due to the fact that when using an oxygen-fuel complex with an integrated PCM unit based on the SCOC-CC cycle, the consumption of methane supplied to the reformer furnace is reduced by 0,26-0,92 kg/s relative to the closest analogue.

A detailed analysis of the consumption graph is necessary to find a commercially viable storage device.

A numerical model of the process of energy accumulation and release in a «step-by-step» mode has been created, taking into account the decrease in the energy capacity of the storage device depending on the number and depth of charge-discharge cycles. The model has been used to find the minimum cost of electric energy by varying the amount of energy drawn from the external network.

An algorithm has been developed for calculating the minimum possible payment for electricity based on the estimated consumption schedule within the 4th price category.

This method allows you to minimize your electricity costs, calculate the payback period for the storage device, and achieve further savings through its use.

The analysis of optimal energy-saving control is carried out. Using the method of synthesizing variables, the existence of a solution to the optimal control problem is analyzed. A programmatic and positional management strategy has been developed, and the stability of the optimal management system has been investigated. Models of optimal control of nonlinear objects, objects with distributed parameters, optimal control under the influence of disturbances and interference are constructed. It is shown that the use of the vector of synthesizing variables in the study of the stability of energy management systems with a positional strategy makes it possible to visualize the analysis process on the multiple states of functioning, to build areas of stability and areas where the system is stable with the required probability.

Modern humanity strives to predict natural phenomena and processes in order to prepare for potential threats in a timely manner. However, many events come suddenly, leaving no time to take lightning, immediate measures. The question arises: how is the society ready for such unexpected disasters that can destroy entire settlements and cities? The answer to this question requires understanding the role of artificial intelligence and the capabilities of nature to restore its own harmony.

Throughout conscious history, people strive to protect themselves and their loved ones, including pets, from many threats. Nevertheless, global disasters question the ability of mankind to independently ensure the stability of their habitat.

Automation and management of natural processes and phenomena using the created latest technical systems, means and devices of a person become an important component of this strategy. The technologies created today in their future have the opportunity and allow, using them, minimizing risks, optimizing the use of natural resources and maintaining environmental balance, taking into account the direct impact of harmful emissions and technological production waste on the state of the environment.

In addition, an important task is to help the restoration and maintenance of the natural balance while maintaining the existing world order and way to further develop and fulfill the country’s national plans. This requires an integrated approach that combines technological, environmental and social strategies.At the same time, the philosophical question remains important: what will happen if nature from birth seeks to restore its original state, reminiscent of paradise on Earth? Is it possible and acceptable to provide nature this opportunity? In the context of such a discussion, there is a need to develop the concept of joint coexistence of man and nature, which involves the preservation of reality with some adjustments.

These adjustments should take into account the types of activities that have established themselves as stable and consistent with the logic of natural processes and life needs of mankind. In particular, cognitive modeling and automated control systems of natural processes and phenomena become an important tool for studying possible scenarios of human interaction, nature and technology.