The jubilee issue of the International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE) is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Viktor Ivanovich Nemyshev – an outstanding engineer, artist, organizer, and thinker whose multifaceted work has become an integral part of the cultural and scientific heritage of several generations. At the center of this issue is the phenomenon of his creative personality, which unites engineering precision, artistic intuition, humanistic philosophy, and the ability to create environments where ideas emerge, communities form, and scientific directions evolve.

Viktor Ivanovich represents a rare type of universal creator for whom creativity is not a separate sphere of activity but a way of being. His biography demonstrates a unique capacity to think simultaneously in several dimensions – technical, artistic, organizational, and humanitarian. He worked with equal confidence on engineering structures and visual compositions, on documentation and spatial design, on human relations and conceptual ideas. This multidimensionality makes him comparable to the Renaissance ideal of the homo universalis, for whom science and art are not opposites but complementary forms of understanding the world.

Special attention is given to his contribution to the development of the hydrogen economy and the international movement for clean energy. Since the early 2000s, Viktor Ivanovich actively participated in the work of the Institute of Hydrogen Economy, the firms of the «Hydrogen» Consortium, and the Scientific and Technical Center «TATA». His activities encompassed the organization of scientific projects, standardization of documentation, creation of visual identity, preparation of international forums, and the cultivation of professional culture within research teams. He became one of those who shaped the humanitarian and aesthetic dimensions of the emerging energy paradigm.

Equally significant is his role in the establishment of the ISJAEE journal and in organizing the World Congresses on Alternative Energy and Ecology (WCAEE). His involvement in creating the visual environment, designing conference spaces, preparing materials, and supporting international communication contributed to transforming these initiatives into authoritative scientific platforms that unite researchers from around the world.

The philosophy of Viktor Ivanovich’s creative personality is revealed through his attitude toward work, people, and the world. He sought harmony in everything – in engineering solutions, artistic projects, organizational practices, and family life. His ideas were grounded in the principles of precision, responsibility, beauty, and service. He viewed any activity as an opportunity to create order, express an idea, support a person, and strengthen culture.

The legacy of Viktor Ivanovich includes not only the material results of his work but also the cultural, organizational, and humanitarian traces that continue to live on in scientific institutions, international projects, the visual culture of the energy community, and in the memory of those who worked with him.

This jubilee issue of ISJAEE presents his life as an example of how one person can unite an era, a profession, art, and service – leaving a legacy that continues to inspire and shape the future.

A fundamental theory of critical regime transitions in supercritical fluids is proposed, based on the variational principle of minimizing thermodynamic irreversibilities. It is shown that stationary temperature profiles are described by the Euler–Lagrange equation, from which a universal exergetic invariant naturally emerges:

This invariant plays the role of a control parameter that fully determines the structure of the regime transitions EHT → Plateau → DHT. It is demonstrated that the dimensionless temperature (θ) to the Landau-Ginzburg functional. The critical exponents β = 1/2, γ = 1, δ = 3 are derived and coincide with the classical Landau mean-field values. Scale invariance and the renormalization-group structure of the regime transitions are established, including the existence of a critical fixed point Ξ_cr. It is shown that the critical properties are universal and do not depend on the nature of the working fluid.

This work formulates, substantiates, and comprehensively analyzes the Gusev Theorem on the exergetic limit of weakly interacting particle fluxes in matter, which establishes a fundamental constraint on the maximum power available for conversion into work during the interaction of neutrinos and other weakly interacting particles with matter. The theorem states that the available exergy of such fluxes is given by

В_max = Ф · σ · Е,

where Ф is the particle flux, σ is the effective interaction cross section, and Е is the particle energy. The smallness of the weak-interaction cross section, determined by the Fermi constant [1], leads to the fact that even at the maximum fluxes and energies available in nature, the exergy limit remains extremely small-on the order of 10^-20 W/cm² for solar neutrinos [2]. This fundamental constraint does not depend on the choice of materials, nanostructures, device geometry, resonant schemes, or engineering solutions, making the Gusev Theorem a universal criterion for assessing the physical feasibility of any technology claiming to convert the energy of weakly interacting particles into electrical power.

A rigorous theoretical derivation of the theorem is presented based on the formalism of the Standard Model, the law of energy conservation, the linearity of the weak interaction, and the thermodynamic definition of exergy. It is shown that the weak interaction does not permit mechanisms of energy amplification, energy accumulation, nonlinear resonances, or coherent effects that could increase the available power even by several orders of magnitude. Thus, any claims regarding the possibility of obtaining macroscopic electrical power from neutrinos contradict fundamental laws of physics.

Special attention is given to experimental constraints that support the conclusions of the theorem. Thermal, vibrational, and electromagnetic noise, as well as the statistics of rare events, are analyzed. It is shown that the minimally measurable power in laboratory conditions is limited by Nyquist thermal noise at a level of approximately 10^-12 W, which exceeds the exergy limit of weakly interacting fluxes by 8-10 orders of magnitude [3, 4]. Vibrational and electromagnetic noise also exceed the available power by 6-8 orders of magnitude. Statistical analysis shows that the number of neutrino interactions with a sample of area 100 cm² is on the order of 10^-28 events per second, which makes signal detection fundamentally impossible. These results demonstrate that even an ideal detector cannot extract the energy of weakly interacting particles against the background of unavoidable noise.

An important part of the study is a critical analysis of claims related to so-called «neutrinovoltaics»-technologies asserting the possibility of generating electrical power in the milliwatt-watt range from neutrinos. It is shown that the claimed power outputs exceed the exergy limit by 17-20 orders of magnitude, rendering such claims physically impossible. Analysis of the proposed mechanisms (phonon resonances, multilayer graphene structures, interference schemes) shows that they are inconsistent with conservation laws, the linearity of the weak interaction, and the absence of coherence. Experimental data cited by proponents of such technologies exhibit dependence of the signal on shielding, device orientation, and environmental conditions, which excludes neutrinos as the source of the signal, since neutrinos are not shielded by matter and do not depend on detector orientation.

A key element of the work is the comparison of the Gusev Theorem with experimental data from CERN, including results from the ALICE experiment. It is shown that ALICE provides unique data on the behavior of the weak interaction under conditions of extremely high energies and energy densities unattainable in nature. Even at heavy-ion collision energies of several TeV and quark-gluon plasma energy densities on the order of 10¹² J/m³, the weak interaction remains linear, incoherent, and exhibits no anomalies that could increase the interaction cross section or lead to macroscopic energy transfer to matter. The interaction cross sections measured in ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb fully agree with Standard Model predictions and remain in the range 10^-44-10^-38 cm². Analysis of the energy balance of Pb-Pb events in ALICE shows no anomalous energy flows, confirming the impossibility of amplifying weak processes even under conditions where the energy exceeds that of solar neutrinos by 12-13 orders of magnitude.

Thus, data from ALICE and other CERN experiments constitute one of the strongest experimental confirmations of the Gusev Theorem. They demonstrate that the weak interaction remains weak across the entire explored energy range, does not allow resonant enhancement, and cannot be used to generate macroscopic electrical power.

In conclusion, the work establishes a rigorous scientific criterion-the Gusev Theorem – that enables an unambiguous assessment of the physical feasibility of any technology claiming to convert the energy of weakly interacting particle fluxes. The theorem is supported both theoretically and experimentally, including by data from the world’s largest high-energy physics experiments. The combined theoretical and experimental evidence leads to a definitive conclusion: no technology based on the use of neutrino energy or the energy of other weakly interacting particles can provide macroscopic electrical power or possess a physical foundation.

Supercritical heat transfer plays a key role in hydrogen energy systems, supercritical CO₂ (sCO₂) cycles, methane-cracking reactors for carbon-free hydrogen production, as well as in high-temperature processes involving hydrocarbon liquids. In the vicinity of the pseudocritical temperature, fluids exhibit sharp nonlinear variations in heat capacity, density, and viscosity, which lead to the formation of enhanced, plateau, and deteriorated heat-transfer regimes. Classical dimensionless criteria (Re, Pr, Nu, Pe) are unable to predict these transitions because they do not account for the position of the wall temperature relative to the pseudocritical region and the associated local exergy losses.

A new regime criterion was developed by A. L. Gusev and later became known as the Gusev criterion due to its successful application in studies of supercritical hydrocarbon systems. This criterion provides a universal, local, and thermodynamically grounded description of supercritical heat-transfer regimes and is applicable to any fluid possessing a critical point.

The criterion is based on the author’s long-term research in exergy analysis, initiated in 1979 and further developed in the context of supercritical processes during 2005-2025. The Gusev criterion represents the culmination of decades of advancement in the exergy-based approach and constitutes a complete universal model of supercritical heat transfer.

The criterion predicts regime transitions, local wall-temperature maxima, and zones of deteriorated heat transfer. It performs correctly for hydrogen, CO₂, methane, hydrocarbon liquids, multicomponent mixtures, and reactive media. The Gusev criterion can be integrated into CFD models and digital twins of energy systems.

To address acute freshwater scarcity, an energy-autonomous pre-electrolysis water pretreatment technology is proposed, based on single-stage ion-exchange demineralization utilizing an amphoteric sorbent synthesized from local industrial by-products. Integration with renewable energy sources and the utilization of reclaimed wastewater enable the production of ultrapure water while significantly reducing both water and carbon footprints. Exergy analysis confirms the thermodynamic optimality of the system: the variational minimization of exergy destruction and the spatial invariance of the exergy flux along the apparatus guarantee substantially higher efficiency compared to conventional membrane-based processes. This approach establishes a class of exergy-positive systems, wherein the environmental remediation of industrial wastewater translates into additional thermodynamic benefits, providing a scientifically robust foundation for the sustainable deployment and scaling of green hydrogen infrastructure in arid regions.

In connection with the growth of the share of nuclear power plants in power systems, there is a need to involve them in covering the irregularities of daily energy consumption, which may adversely affect their economic efficiency. One of the promising areas for maintaining the economic efficiency of NPPs in the current system conditions is the integration of the hydrogen power complex into the NPP power units, which allows accumulating energy in the form of hydrogen and oxygen during NPP unloading in order to increase the capacity of the power unit by burning accumulated gases during increased demand for electricity. The article examines a power complex with a closed hydrogen cycle, which can significantly improve the safety of using hydrogen fuel at nuclear power plants. In connection with the prospects of this technology, the article sets the task of technical and economic analysis of the hydrogen energy complex in comparison with alternative technologies for energy storage in conditions of an uneven schedule of electrical loads: pumped storage power plants, thermal storage systems based on phase change accumulators, reversible fuel cells. Based on the obtained data, a nomogram was developed to assess the technical and economic efficiency of a hydrogen energy complex depending on the required initial conditions. The results obtained prove the prospects for further development of the developed scheme for combining the hydrogen power complex and the NPP power unit.

Carbon neutrality is an important concept that allows us to control the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and their absorption. To achieve carbon neutrality, it is necessary not only to study, but also to use various methods of waste recycling. Biomass is a source of renewable energy, which helps to reduce dependence on natural energy sources and reduce carbon emissions.

To review the environmental problems associated with environmental pollution and analyze the statistical data on greenhouse gas emissions in Russia by economic sector and worldwide.

The study is based on the concept of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and using biomass. It uses a method of analysis and comparative assessment of total emissions in the field of in the field of energy, agriculture, and waste management. The study used a public database of energy emissions statistics as its information resource.

In the context of countries’ climate contributions to halting climate change, measures are being developed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that will not slow down economic growth. Key indicators of carbon neutrality have been studied. Biotechnologies using biomass and industrial waste have been analyzed in selected regions. Conducting research on new types of low-carbon or carbon-free fuels is one of the most promising areas of development both globally and in Russia. However, in order to achieve the desired results in the field of hydrogen potential, it is necessary to implement new technologies, develop infrastructure, build pipelines, and explore new methods of storage.

The results of this study provide valuable insights into the development of carbon-free fuels.

The rapid increase of water consumption in hydraulic fracturing (HF) operations, calls for creating effective disposal and water recycle methods. HF fluids often contain organic polysaccharide gelling agents like guar gum and its derivatives. This study explores dark fermentation as a promising method for converting this waste polymer into hydrogen, thereby enabling a waste-to-hydrogen valorization pathway. We determined hydrogen production from carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar gum (CMHP-GG) and its monomers (galactose and mannose) using thermophilic bacterial strains Pseudoclostridium thermosuccinogenes AP-1, Tepidibaculum saccharolyticum AP-3, Thermohydrogenium kirishiense TR2, Thermoanaerobacter uzonensis 2K-2, and Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum SP-H2. The highest hydrogen yields from monomers were obtained by strains TR2 (77,9 mL from galactose; 74,5 mL from mannose) and SP-H2 (56,2 mL from galactose; 43,1 mL from mannose). During CMHP-GG gel fermentation, strain AP-3 demonstrated the highest hydrogen production, both in monoculture and in 1:1 consortia with strains TR2, AP-1, and 2K-2 (40,1-37,5 mL). In comparison, the consortium with SP-H2 and the mixed consortium of all strains yielded significantly less hydrogen (11,1 mL and 7,3 mL, respectively), due to metabolic incompatibility. These findings highlight the potential of specific microbial consortia for bio-refining post-fracturing fluids to produce renewable biohydrogen and organic acids.

Accurate assessment of the technical condition of power transformers is a fundamental problem in modern power systems. Conventional diagnostic approaches are often based on heuristic thresholds or expert interpretation of individual indicators, which limits their ability to account for uncertainty and measurement variability.

This paper proposes a probabilistic model for power transformer condition assessment based on an integrated set of diagnostic features. The transformer condition is modeled as a hidden random variable inferred from observable diagnostic data within a Bayesian framework. The proposed approach provides a mathematically rigorous representation of diagnostic uncertainty and enables probabilistic interpretation of condition states. Analytical properties of the model are investigated, and numerical experiments using synthetic data demonstrate robustness with respect to noise and feature correlation. The presented framework is intended for theoretical analysis and electronic modeling of transformer diagnostics.