To unveil the potentialities of synthesis processes and use of fullerenes an understanding of formation mechanism and fullerene molecule behavior in all synthesis stages and in various aggregate states is the key point with a view to the conscious control over these processes. The paper deals with the experimental study of peculiarities of fullerene C₆₀ existence in three aggregate states. The authors of this paper have investigated the features of the C₆₀ molecules formation and behavior in the gaseous phase and in solutions. It has been shown that the fullerene molecule consists of pentatomic molecules, has its own sp^x-hybridization, and, for this reason, fullerene should be considered as a new allotropic modification of carbon. We have established that the fullerene molecule in solutions exists in two states - β and γ - at temperatures above 250 K. As this takes place, the dualism of fullerene molecule permits scientists to form the colloid solutions in the γ-state. We have shown that fullerene crystallization in three different forms is a consequence of its existence in the three stable isomers form. This paper proposes the spatial diagram of carbon allotropic modifications at two levels of organization (gaseous and crystalline).

Alkali Metal Thermo Electric Convertor (AMTEC) is a device for directly converting heat to electricity with high efficiency. It uses infrared radiation to releases electrons from an alkali metal (as the name suggests). This metal in the form of vapor acts as the working material. In this case sodium is chosen as the working material for its appropriate properties for this task. AMTEC operates as a thermally regenerative electrochemical cell by expanding alkali metal vapors through the pressure differential across an electrolyte membrane. AMTEC laboratory devices have achieved efficiencies as high as 19% and system designs indicate that efficiencies up to 40% or more may be possible. Small AMTEC systems have shown 27% cell and 23% system efficiencies. AMTEC requires heat energy input at modest temperatures. It can, therefore, recycle heat rejected from other devices. This adaptability makes AMTEC very attractive for many environmentally friendly potential applications. Utilization and recycling of waste energy have been the mainstay along with the conservation of energy these days. AMTEC, with the versatility of the kind of energy it uses, is capable to handle this problem by directly utilizing the waste energy of a fuel cell as an input for an energy conversion device. This concept may be extended to any kind of waste heat, from any source in any form to address the environmental aspect. The long life and efficiency of AMTEC are two important issues that presently researchers are concerned. The choice of materials and geometry of its sensitive components will be discussed with respect to those issues. We have also discussed AMTEC’s environmental aspect by cascading it with some device rejecting heat to its surrounding as one unit. AMTEC utilizes this waste heat as its input energy by this technique. On the one hand, this provides the efficient use of the waste energy preventing its dissipation in the region around; on the other hand, it suppresses all the more the thermal pollution.

The article presents mathematical model of the solar module, implemented in the software MATLAB / Simulink. The authors of this article use equivalent circuit of the solar cell substitution with a diode excluding parallel resistance for modeling. They calculate the series resistance of the solar module by Newton's iterative method utilizing the data of its technical specifications that ensures high precision of simulation. Model validity was evaluated by the well-known technical characteristics of the module Solarex MSX 60. The results of the experiments showed that the resulting model current-voltage and current-watt characteristics of the module correlate with data of the manufacturer. The model is designed as a separate subsystem with a possibility to input basic parameters via a dialog box, that makes possible to modify model. The model allows obtaining the characteristics of solar cells of different types and manufacturers; moreover it can be used to construct models of solar module and photovoltaic systems of arbitrary configuration on their bases.

The article provides the analysis the changes and dependence of the temperature distribution in drying moisture-containing mediums by using solar emission. Besides, the article considers the analytical solution of boundary value tasks by the arbitrary constants variation method. This method helps to find general solution of one-dimensional heat conductivity problem with heat absorption process for convection solar drying moisture-containing mediums. It is made the analyses feature distribution of temperature and temperature gradients at solar drying flat moisture-containing layer with use of solar collectors.

The article contains a description of the methods and techniques of developing technological solutions for efficient, reliable and safe operation of the solar water heating systems, such as vacuum solar collectors. It deals with the various methods of protection solar water heating systems from overheating: cooling with outdoor radiator, curtain that covering the collector, self-emptying system. The article shows the advantages and disadvantages of the protec tion systems solar water heating systems from overheating under different climatic conditions, and in different modes of operating installations also. The results can be used in the operation of independent power systems functioning on renewable energy sources, in particular, having in its composition solar water heating with vacuum tubes, as well as for private and industrial consumers, who exploit solar collectors.

For the first time, the diagram of the system state LDPE - toluene is constructed within the concept of semicrystalline polymers as a three-dimensionally structured metastable liquids grid points which are crystallites. On the basis of the topological analysis of this diagram we select temperature and concentration range of microphase decay molecular mixture of polymer and solvent for the success of the latest release of the polymer in powder form. The physical and chemical bases and a pilot version of a cost-effective and environmentally friendly technology of LDPE powder are developed. The authors of this paper constructed and put into an experimental facility, providing a 100 % translation of the original polymer to powder and almost a full refund of the solvent in the production cycle. Moreover, we defined the optimum operating parameters of the process and developed its technological scheme. The use of this technology will allow to some extent, depending on the scale of industrial production, solving two environmental problems: recycling plastic waste and spill oil and oil products on water areas.

The article presents the strength and thermal requirements for adhesive joints, ensuring the normal operation of the vacuum electromechanical devices. The article reveals suitable adhesives for assembling vacuum electromechanical devices based on the analysis of characteristics such as mechanical strength, thermal stability, technological aspects (difficulty in filling gaps) and the duration of life industrial adhesives, manufactured by leading foreign firms and domestic enterprises. It was taken into account that one of the main requirements imposed on the adhesive compounds used in the vacuum of electromechanical devices is low gas evolution. The analysis of the properties of adhesives, widely used in industry, showed that join parts of vacuum electromechanical devices are suitable following types: adhesives based on organic compounds, epoxy adhesives, acrylic adhesives, inorganic adhesives, based on organic rubbers. The study was limited to a relatively small number of each type of adhesive, owing to the fact that the main characteristics of adhesives within the same type are sufficiently close. For all adhesives recommended for assembly of electromechanical devices, their technical characteristics such as operating temperature range, the thermal expansion coefficient and viscosity are presented. The choice of adhesive, produced in the article, will expand the use of adhesives for assembly vacuum electromechanical devices, greatly simplifying production technology to reduce the cost and improve the performance of vacuum electromechanical devices.

The paper presents the temperature dependencies on the electrode from the process parameters. On the results of the study of thermal effects on the electrodes, the curves of temperature versus current density and electrolysis time are constructed for electrolytes of different composition: sulphate, standard, perchlorate. The paper determines factors that are the cause of the temperature increase in the near-electrode layer, and examines the hydrogen interaction with structural defects. It was established that the presence of defects have a decisive influence on the amount of accumulated hydrogen and that the absolute value of the temperature depends on the nature of occurring chemical and electrochemical reactions on the electrodes. It was shown that the electrolytic metals and alloys have a high defect structure in comparison with metals obtained by metallurgical method.

The paper, based on the analysis of operation modes and characteristics of some marine electrical installations, contains preliminary data on the use of energy-efficient principles in their management to improve the power factor and efficiency of these installations. Rowing electric engines, shaft generators on courts with the fixed step of screw and synchronous compensator used for the improvement of the mode of reactive-power of the ship’s electric power system can be recommended as such options.