The work of the editor-in-chief of the International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology analyzes and presents 10 works of scientists from Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Russia, Iraq, China, Turkey, the European Union.

Characteristics of the stage in the life of modern civilization is given. associated with the introduction of a new comprehensive approach to solving environmental problems and climate change based on the comprehensive implementation of Alternative Energy and Ecology.

The research relates to thermal and nuclear power engineering, in particular, to the development of heat-accumulating compositions that can be used to maintain a given temperature range in technological processes. The four-component mutual system Li⁺, Na⁺ || F^-, Cl^-, SO₄^2- has been studied by differential thermal (DTA), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) thermogravimetric (TG), and X-ray phase (XFA) methods of physico-chemical analysis. The choice of this system for experimental research is due to the fact that it includes fluorides and chlorides of lithium and sodium with high values of the enthalpy of the phase transition, which is one of the determining factors in the selection of heat accumulators and heat carriers for devices that accumulate thermal and solar energy, as well as lithium and sodium sulfates with a number of polymorphic transitions that allow to accumulate thermal energy in the solid phase, which expands the range of storage temperatures.

As a result of the conducted studies, the trees of phases and crystallizations of the four-component mutual system Li⁺, Na⁺ || F^-, Cl^-, SO₄^2- were formed. It is established that the phase tree has a branched structure and consists of three secant quasi-triple and four four-component systems. The formation of the branched structure of the phase tree is caused by the presence in one of the three-component mutual systems (Li⁺, Na⁺ || F^-, SO₄^2-) of two adiagonal sections: Li₂SO₄ – Na₃FSO₄; LiF-Na₃FSO₄. The component composition and enthalpy of phase transitions in the studied systems are revealed: in one quasi – binary (LiF – Na₃FSO₄), with a melting point of 590 ^oC, the melting enthalpy of 640 J/g, in two quasi – binary: NaCl – Li₂SO₄ – LiF; LiF – NaCl – Na₃FSO₄, with melting points of 447 ^oC, _∆mH = 460 J/g and 554 ^oC, respectively; three four – component eutectic with polymorphic transformations of NaF – LiF – NaCl – Na₃FSO₄; LiF – Li₂SO₄ – NaCl – Na₃FSO₄; LiF – Li₂SO₄ – NaCl – LiCl. The developed energy-intensive compositions are able to store and release medium-and high-potential thermal energy in the liquid and solid phases due to the heat capacity, the enthalpy of melting and polymorphic transitions in the temperature range of 173-602 °C.

Since the electrical power produced by converting total solar radiation on a horizontal surface, composed of direct and diffuse components of PV cells, has low output power, it is necessary to identify areas with high power factors for more efficient power generation. However, due to the low efficiency of PV panels (14-18%) and the low intensity of total solar radiation on a horizontal surface, large installation space is required to achieve a certain power level. Due to the high cost of installing solar power plants, a comprehensive systematic assessment of the geographic factors of the region is required to select the most suitable location. The reason we chose Nakhchivan as the study area is that the radiation level is high compared to other regions of Azerbaijan (1220-1699 kWh/m²-year), and the number of hours of sunshine per year exceeds 2500. Since the creation of solar power plants in regions with high values of the total radiation on a horizontal surface depends on technical, economic and environmental criteria, descriptive criteria are used to determine the optimal areas. The analytical hierarchy process model, based on multi-criteria decision-making methods, was used to identify suitable locations for solar power plants. In the first phase of the study, seven criteria were analysed to determine suitable locations: Total solar radiation on a horizontal surface, slope, and land use, buffer distance from areas with high annual solar energy potential to residential areas, proximity to substations, highways, and power lines. At the second stage, the level of accessibility and suitability of areas within the frame-work of certain criteria was determined using the weighted overlay tool in geographic information systems. At the second stage, using the weighted overlay tool in GIS, the level of suitability of territories was determined according to certain criteria. As a result, the study, it was concluded that 9.5% (510 km²) of the land of Nakhchivan have high suitability, 12% (645 km²) - average suitability and 24% (1290 km²) - low suitability for placing solar power plants. The remaining 54.5% (2930 km²) of the region belongs to the territories that are not suitable for use due to low radiation, high slope, the presence of protected areas, settlements, agricultural areas and poorly developed infrastructure. Optimal locations cover mainly the southern and eastern parts of the region, as shown in the polygon shape on the suitability map.

Energy and the level of development of its branches determine the technological level of human development. However, the higher the energy technology level, the higher the anthropogenic impact on the external environment, and the wider the area under human control. In the XXI century, a number of global energy and related environmental problems have emerged, which must be immediately addressed in the next 10-20 years to prevent global and irreversible changes on a planetary scale that await humanity in the near future. In particular, especially during the last 10 years, most mass media actively discuss the problem of global warming, which, according to a number of experts, is caused by changes in the composition of the atmosphere and the destruction of the ozone layer, and which can lead to an increase in the temperature of the planet, followed by the melting of glaciers at the poles and the flooding of a number of territories and even countries. However, this article provides an alternative view of this problem with analytical evidence that this problem not only has nothing to do with the anthropogenic impact on the environment and the impact on the planet's climate in particular, but also in the future will not be able to have a serious impact due to the extremely rapid depletion of resources. The limitation of natural resources, expected in the next 30-50 years, can have a significant impact on the development of civilization as a whole, because with the catastrophically lightningfast depletion of the main fossil fuels in relation to the history of mankind, a fairly rapid, knowledge-intensive and expensive transition to renewable energy sources will be required, for which humanity, as the calculations show, is not ready now, and will not be ready in 20-30 years, when the minerals are almost completely depleted. Therefore, in order to prevent (or mitigate) the energy collapse in the future, intensive development of renewable energy, including with significant state support, is required right now. However, the article explains that humanity has no chance to overcome the complete and timely transition from hydrocarbon energy to alternative energy due to the lack of resources, the point of no return has already been passed.

In order to ensure high efficiency of natural gas use, increase the reliability and quality of energy supply, it is necessary to introduce alternative energy sources and electric accumulators into the classic GTU energy generation schemes. In this regard, the object of research is a combined autonomous source based on a gas turbine unit (GTU), a wind-driven power plant (WDPP) and energy storage. Energy production at wind turbines is conventionally divided into two stages (day and night), during the day energy is supply into the grid, and at night it is stored in energy storage.

The purpose of the article is to determine the economic indicators of this variant of the scheme for combining sources of different types of generation. To determine the effectiveness of the source, a mathematical model was developed with the help of which quantitative and economic indicators are calculated. Initial data: daily schedule of electric loads, average monthly temperature and wind speed, dependence of changes in the electric power of WDPP on wind speed in relative units. According to the presented method, quantitative and economic indicators were calculated, which investigated the impact of changes in the installed capacity of WDPP (200 kW – 1400 kW) on changes in economic indicators: discounted costs, net present value, discounted profitability index (DPI), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period. The annual output of electricity and heat is stable and amounts to 20409 MWh/year and 239970 GJ/year, respectively.

In the publication, a comparative analysis of the obtained economic indicators was made. Discounted costs, despite the decrease in the installed capacity of the GTU, increase as the installed capacity of the wind turbine and energy storage increases. Economic efficiency is reduced, which is reflected in an increase in the payback period and a decrease in the NPV. The reason for this low efficiency is the high unit cost of wind turbines and energy storage. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the lower the installed capacity of the wind turbine and, accordingly, the energy storage, the higher the economic indicators. At this time, the use of such combinations (GTU, WDPP and energy storage) is beneficial only if the share of the installed capacity of the wind turbine does not exceed 45% of the gas turbine capacity.

The world is undergoing an active transformation of the energy sector at the present time; the pace of introduction of alternative energy sources is increasing annually. The territory of Russia has a huge potential in the field of alternative energy development, but this potential is not evenly distributed, and not all regions of the country are suitable for the development of alternative energy. The steppe zone of Russia is located along the southern borders of the country from West to East. This territory is the most promising area for the development of alternative energy. Many regions use one or more types of renewable resources. The analysis of the development potential of various types of alternative energy is carried out in the study. It is established that solar, wind and bioenergy are the most promising. These resources are more profitable to use than traditional energy sources. The share of alternative energy sources is becoming more and more significant in the steppe zone of Russia now. The growth rate increases simultaneously with the interest of the regions in switching to environmentally adaptive energy supply systems. However, the industry is developing very unevenly, it depends not only on natural factors, but also on economic and economic factors. The leading regions (Orenburg region and Krasnodar territory) and lagging regions (Voronezh, Novosibirsk and Chelyabinsk regions) were identified by analyzing the level of development of alternative energy. The study also addresses the issues of further development of the industry and provides a forecast for each region. The Krasnodar territory, Orenburg region and the Republic of Kalmykia will have a higher level of alternative energy development than other regions of the Russian steppe zone. These results are of practical interest for planning the development of alternative energy, substantiating investment policy, improving infrastructure development of the territory, and using natural resources in the regions of the Russian steppe zone.

A brief analysis of the prospects for the use of hydrogen and the development of methods for its production is given. It has been shown that the cost of low carbon footprint hydrogen with conventional steam reforming (SMR) with CO₂ capture (CCS) will remain at € 1-2 / kg between 2019 and 2050. The cost of hydrogen obtained by electrolysis was 3-7 € / kg in 2019, but it is expected to decrease in the future. It is believed that by 2050 both technologies will be in equal demand with a slight difference in costs depending on regional conditions. Hydrogen produced by electrolysis from wind energy requires a much larger area (almost 3 orders of magnitude) than using SMR technology from fossil fuels. The state of the art in chemical looping technology has been reviewed for hydrogen production. It has been shown that the production of hydrogen using the chemical looping technology has attracted more and more interest in recent years. Such systems use 3 interconnected reactors. Features and main parameters of such systems are given in relation to the use of natural gas and coal. Chemical Looping Reforming (CLR) technology has significant potential for commercial use. In addition, this technology is environmentally friendly, as the clean CO₂ stream is ready for disposal. It has significant advantages over traditional technologies for producing hydrogen by reforming natural gas. One of the most important issues in the use of chemical looping technology is the hydrodynamics of interconnected reactors. Some results of experimental research in Russia carried out by JSC "VTI" on a large aerodynamic test rig are given. It is planned to conduct research at the firing model of a system of interconnected reactors with a real temperature of the process. Such research will create the necessary scientific groundwork for advanced installations for hydrogen producing from fossil fuels without CO₂ emissions.

One of the alternative types of proton-conducting membranes for a hydrogen-air solid polymer fuel cell is the type of hybrid membranes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) crosslinked with aldehyde, modified with sulfonic acid. Earlier, for the first time, we obtained new ion – conducting membranes based on furfural-crosslinked PVA modified with amino sulfonic acid (ASA) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), as well as membranes not crosslinked with furfural (FUR) or unmodified ASA and TEOS, by a liquid-phase synthesis method, in an organic medium-dimethyl sulfoxide. The values of their ionic conductivity and the degree of swelling in water are presented. In this work, the composition and structure of the obtained ion-conducting membranes are studied using liquid-phase nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on ¹H nuclei. In the ¹H NMR spectrum of an ion – conducting membrane not cross-linked with the «PVA/ASA», the signal of free OH groups of PVA is observed to disappear, but at the same time a characteristic triplet at 7.1 m.d. is preserved, having a constant of ~51 Hz and components of the same intensity (1:1:1), which corresponds to protons of ¹⁴NH₄⁺ hydrolyzed ASA. The disappearance of the expanded signal at 9.6 m. d. of protons of the free sulfo group of ASA and a narrow singlet signal at 5.8 m. d. of free protons of the NH₂ group of ASA indicates the interaction of ASA with OH groups of PVA. In the ¹H NMR spectrum of an ion – conducting membrane crosslinked with FUR – «PVA/ASA/FUR», signals of protons of the furan ring of FUR and a signal of its aldehyde group are observed, which is shifted to a strong field, which is determined by the formation of a chemical bond between FUR and the polymer chain of PVA. In the ¹H NMR spectra of all membranes modified by ASA, the appearance of a second weaker-field ¹⁴NH₄ triplet is observed, and in the spectra of a number of ion – conducting hybrid membranes modified by TEOS – «PVA/ASA/FUR/TEOS», signals of the third type of ¹⁴NH₄⁺ triplets shifted in a strong field relative to the other two ¹⁴NH₄⁺ triplets were detected. The appearance of additional ¹⁴NH₄⁺ triplets indicates the formation of several bound forms of the ammonium ion.

Air pollution is one of the important environmental problems that affect people directly or indirectly socio-economically. The quality of the air we breathe affects our health, safety, comfort and sustainable life. One of the major air pollutants in city centers is carbon monoxide (CO) emission from vehicles. Inhalation of high concentrations is a health hazard.

In this study CO measurement values between the hours of 2016 and 2020 were analyzed in terms of air quality in İstanbul, which is Turkey and Europe's largest in terms of population, while the 15 largest mega city in the world It was taken into consideration that the data of 19 different stations would be appropriate after the data was first passed through quality control in terms of method.

Atmospheric CO varies in time and space scales depending on both the amount of emission and meteorological conditions. In order to see the change in time oscillation about city air pollution, the CO air quality data of the last 5 years, as well as human activities in some months of 2020, have changed within the framework of the Covid-19 pandemic measures, so the previous 2016- 2019 values were compared with the data of 2020. As a result of the analyzes obtained, it has been revealed that atmospheric CO values in Istanbul show significant variation in time and space scales.

In the lithosphere of the planet is a large amount of hydrogen associated with other chemical elements. When extracted for industrial use and when interacting with atmospheric oxygen, these compounds form water. Typical examples of such substances are hydrocarbon compounds, widely used in modern energy as fuel.

The resulting water vapors are an additional source of fresh water extracted from geological formations. However, the lack of technology to capture these fumes now leads to additional hydration of the atmosphere, which contributes to the development of the planet's greenhouse effect.

In the work on the basis of the analysis of combustion reactions, stoichiometric air energy fuels (petrol, diesel, gaseous fuels, wood) and artificial, converted from biomass and coal fuels (ethanol, methanol, butanol, and so on), and also hydrogen fuel. Compare the relative air consumption and water vapors emissions in combustion products.

The process determined by the properties of constructional materials of modern achievements of engine (1400 ^°С) defines ratios of excess air for different types of fuels, the real consumption of the air, fuel and water vapor emissions.

Theoretically, the high consumption of atmospheric air using hydrogen and gas fuel is shown, the lowest in traditional motor fuels (gas, diesel).

The useful use of organic fuel and hydrogen oxidation products for fresh water is justified - the development of technologies to efficiently extract water vapor from gas combustion products (oxidation) of energy fuels can contribute to the creation of an additional large source of fresh water commensurate with other natural sources and will contribute to the energy and environmental efficiency of traditional energy facilities.

The analysis technique presented in the paper is universal and can be used to analyze any existing and newly created fuel compositions.

The work is devoted to a comprehensive experimental study of the morphology, structure and optical properties of titanium dioxide micropowders with several of modern analytical equipment. The method for obtaining photoluminescence (PL) and Raman scattering (RS) for titanium dioxide micropowders in microresonator cuvette (photon traps) was described. The powders consisting of close-packed particles in the shape of spherical particles of specified sizes (29-63 μm) were studied. In the photon traps, a certain mode is implemented, which is associated of trapping of the exciting radiation inside of device. It is shown that, at room temperature, intense photoluminescence in titanium dioxide micropowders (2.91 eV) was observed in excitation by the second optical harmonic (λ_exc = 255.3 nm) of a copper vapor laser. It has been established that in micropowders of titanium dioxide micropowders in photon traps, is possible to observe the phenomenon of "combination opalescence", which leads to the sharp (5–6 orders) increasing in the RS intensity in an ultradispersed medium. The high conversion efficiency of the exciting radiation into the RS signal is explained by the large value of the total path that the exciting radiation photon travels in the dispersed medium in the photon trap. It was found that an insignificant amount of silicon and aluminum impurities is present in titanium dioxide micropowders that not affect to formation of the photoluminescence band in the region of 2.91 eV. The developed method for recording PL and RS opens up wide possibilities for recording weak signals of secondary radiation that is important for inorganic and organic substances, as well as for creating small-sized laser analyzers of chemical compounds which is necessary for solving many practical problems.