In work the complex analysis of efficiency of solar installations on the term of their payback depending on types of solar collectors and from the specific cost of their heat perceiving surface is carried out. Besides the theoretical analysis, the algorithm of creation of experimental solar water-heating installation is given in article. All this is shown by rather accurate illustrations and explanations. The creation purpose – further pilot studies of overall performance of this design of solar water-heating installation.

The influence of the reflection of photoelectrons from the surface photo-EMF in thin semiconductor films and compare it with the bulk photo-EMF. It is shown that the reflected photovoltage can prevail over the bulk of the electromotive force only in samples with a large mean free path with a strong absorption of light. In thin films reflected the photo-EMF, apparently observed with other types of photo-EMF and the interpretation of the experimental results can be interpreted as the volume electromotive force.

Work is devoted to an assessment of optimum parameters of cascade silicon photo-electric converters. Unlike matrix solar elements the direction of a light stream is provided in cascade option perpendicular to the plane of several transitions created consistently on one basic plate of silicon. Follows from the analysis of constructive registration of the cascade photoconverter that the optimum mode of its work will be only when the solar light stream passing through basic layers of the semiconductor generates in them equal number of electron-hole couples in unit of time. This requirement can be realized by the corresponding calculation of extents of basic layers of the semiconductor. Thickness of high-alloyed layers n+ and p+ between basic layers have to be minimum and not exceed 0.5 microns everyone.

Especially for determination of optimum values of basic layers in cascade silicon photoconverters settlement dependence of density of short circuit of silicon photo cells on semiconductor layer thickness at standard sunlight of AM-1.5 has importance. Calculations of optimum values of basic layers of cascade photoconverters are presented in work for two, three, four and five multitransitional structures. The analysis of parameters of multitransitional photoconverters allows to draw a conclusion that the considered semiconductor structures can be successfully used in devices of direct electrolysis of water on hydrogen and oxygen as the potential of such cascade photo cell lit with a sunlight considerably exceeds the potential of communication of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule. The same circumstance will help to take from sea water rich with minerals and other chemical elements which are of interest to certain industries and agriculture.

The article examines the expediency of utilization of combustible gases associated with geothermal water with a low gas factor, as well as perspective directions of energy systems development in regime without scaling.

The tendencies of the development of geothermal energy technologies on the base of utilizing geothermal fluid of different temperature are revealed. It is shown that in recent years there are an increasing number of countries where the growth of installed capacity of geothermal power plants is mainly due to the construction of power units with a binary cycle. It allows to expand the resource base of geothermal energy through the development of low-temperature geothermal sources, the total capacity of which exceeds the one of high-temperature resources. It is noted that the low-temperature geothermal sources are widely available and in fact can be utilized almost anywhere in the world. The analysis of the scale and geography of the application binary energy technologies for the development of geothermal resources are shown. The features of the use of organic working fluids in binary power plants are described. The basic principles of the optimal working fluid selection for binary plant are explained. The results of numerical modeling of the working fluid selection on the performance of binary power plants are presented. It is shown, that use of the hydrogen-oxygen steam generator in combined power plants can increase the effectiveness of geothermal utilization.

The work is devoted to the presentation and analysis of methodological approaches to finding new and innovative sources of renewable non-food raw materials for biofuels of third generation based on biomass of microalgae. The problem and methods of inducing lipid (lipid increase) in microalgae (MAL) were reviewed. The results of current researches in the field of obtaining promising strains MAL (producers of lipids) were demonstrated. In particular, we have discussed the task of finding a stressors for the two-stage culturing of microalgae, when the first stage of the cultivation of microalgae is conducted in the most optimal conditions for the maximum amount of biomass, and in a second step the biosynthesis and accumulation of lipid in the resulting biomass occurs as a result of creating the conditions of physiological stress. The results of the own experimental work on the isolation from natural sources of new candidate strains and on the selection of stressors for lipid induction have been showing and analyzed. We also considered the feasibility of the method of screening lipid microalgae by means fluorescent dye Nile red, which has been tested on a wide range of isolated cultures of microalgae from different taxa. As stressors for inducing lipid the nitrogen and phosphorus starvation, high and low irradiation, temperature regimes have been used. Significant increases of lipid content in the cells under the influence of stressors microalgae have been shown. The prospect of using the technological fast growing mi-croalga Arthrospira platensis as a model to find the stressors has been confirmed. Dedicated crops from natural sources are described in detail and included in the collection of microalgae for energy purposes Laboratory of RES geographical faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

As part of the methodology to control gas permeability of functional materials, a mathematical approach is considered that takes into account a diffusion process through a plate with the boundary conditions of the 1st and 2nd order. The methodology under discussion provides methods for estimating parameters of the diffusion by using methods of singular points, functional scale and the statistical moments. A computer software packages HPRON was developed that provides mathematical modeling, planning, processing and interpretation of the results of different variants of the method of gas permeability. The results are used to optimize the performance of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for the automotive fuel cell and electrolyser applications with with a perfluorinated proton-conducting membrane such as Nafion.

Thermodynamic stimuli and energetics of intercalation of H2 nanophase of a high density into carbon-based nanostructures are considered. The physics of the extraordinary manifestation of the Kurdjumov-like effect and the hydrogen spillover-like one, relevance to the problem of the efficient hydrogen storage in graphite nanofibers are discussed.

The aim of the study is to research influence of the type of adsorbent and the adsorption temperature to the adsorption capacity of the pump. Two methods were used: an approximate calculation of the average temperature and the accurate calculation by integration equation adsorption over the entire volume of the adsorbent. Research carried out at pressure corresponding to different degrees of vacuum. Accordingly were obtained analytical relative computational error – temperature in the periphery of the adsorbent dependence to the following conditions: adsorption of different gases for cooling liquid nitrogen pumps and overcooled liquid nitrogen pumps for the adsorbent with different values of the constant of the pore structure at different intake pressure.

The review is devoted to the retrospective analysis of publications on research of thermal dissociation of titanium hydride. The data obtained from application of various techniques of research are under consideration: measurement of kinetics of hydrogen exit in a stream of neutral gas, decontamination in the closed volume, the differential thermal analysis, a differential calorimetry, the thermogravitational analysis, masses spectroscopy, the X-ray diffraction analysis, etc. The attention to a considerable divergence in data of various researches, including carried out with the identical techniques is paid. The author’s interpretation of the sequence of the undergoing processes at thermal dissociation of titanium hydride is offered. It assumes three stages of this process which final stage is the formation of hydrogen solid solution in the titanium as a necessary condition for hydrogen exit from the hydride granules.

To increase the hydrogen mass in intermetallides of type LaNi3 proposed to replace part of the La on Mg. Alloys of composition La3-xMgxNi9 (x = 1, 1.1 and 1.2) were prepared. For this first lanthanum-nickel alloys were obtained by arc melting of mixtures of high purity La and Ni in an atmosphere of argon. These alloys were pulverized in a planetary ball mill with the addition of the necessary amount of the magnesium powder. Then the resulting homogeneous mixture was compressed into tablets, wrapped in tantalum foil, placed in a steel pipe and a homogenization annealing was performed at 950 °C for 6 hours. The thus prepared alloys consisted of 70–80 wt.% of the intermetallic compound phase with the structural type PuNi3 and impurity phases La4MgNi19 and LaNi5. The hydrogen sorption properties of intermetallic compounds prepared were studied. It was established that the isotherms La3-xMgxNi9 – H2 have one plateau of phase transition, indicating the formation of only one hydride phase with hydrogen content of 1.58 wt.% (La2MgNi9Hx), 1.52 wt.% (La1.9Mg1.1Ni9Hx) and 1.5 wt.% (La1.8Mg1.2Ni9Hx). At that the equilibrium pressure is increased by rise the magnesium content in the sample. The variations in the enthalpy at dehydrogenation are calculated and it is established the rise of the thermal effect of the reaction with increasing magnesium content.

The question of the role of hydrogen energy in the development of the welfare society can be seen in only one aspect, namely the decent life of a community can only be achieved with full use of hydrogen technologies. The potential of hydrogen is far from being exhausted in the traditional energy sector. As the successful solution of the problems of hydrogen storage and the creation of highly efficient fuel cells will be implemented absolutely reliable backup system own needs when abnormal modes of operation of the power plant. One of the limiting factors in the development of hydrogen energy are existing storage technologies (cryogenic and bottled) and energy consuming unsafe.

The present study is devoted to developing the concept of the power units using aluminium as an energy carrier and water as an oxidizing agent which are able to operate under low temperature conditions. In this paper there are given the methods allowing one to carry out a rapid reaction of aluminium oxidation involving generation of hydrogen at low temperatures below zero. In the experiments both granulated non-activated aluminium (the sizes of pellets are about 5 mm) and powdered aluminium activated by liquid eutectic on the basis of gallium Ga-In-Zn. The experimental data obtained demonstrated that hydrogen yield obtained in the reaction of activated aluminium with KOH water solution was considerably higher than these figures for ZnCl2 and CaCl2 solutions. At a temperature of –10 °C aluminium conversion for NaOH solution is equal to 94%, for KOH – 93%; at –20 °C: for NaOH – 36%, for KOH – 80%. For KOH solution at –30 °C and –40 °C these values are 67 and 17 % respectively. In the experiments on oxidation of non-activated aluminium in hydrochloric acid water solution in the presence of CuCl2 oxidation of 2.5 g aluminium resulted in generation of 2120 ml hydrogen; for FeCl3 solution hydrogen yield was equal to 70 ml with partial freezing of the solution.

The paper proposes a new renewable concentration galvanic element, which includes two identical electrode immersed in a solution of different concentrations, wherein one of the electrodes is immersed in the bed of the river at its outflow into the sea or ocean, and the other electrode is immersed in salt water. The resulting direct current is used to produce hydrogen from sea water in the electrolytic cell. Some specific example of the execution flow of the Sulak river into the Caspian sea.

Systemically integrated agricultural technologies include land area, divided into priority zones, the simultaneous parallel and interconnected implementation of complex technological operations on production of crop production: agriculture seeds preparation operations, growing seedlings, seedlings in soil cultivation agriculture, stimulation of its development. Interaction between running processes is done in real time with the possibility of the necessary adjustments during their implementation processes. A large portion of manufacturing operations implement without causing negative impacts on the agrarian culture, soil and environment, with low cost energy.

The aim of the study is to determine influence of composition and properties of filler (vacuum insulation, sorbent) of pumping time and pressure distribution in the pumping cavity. In the work accepted assumptions: molecular flow regime of gas, microporous structure is presented of capillary equivalent length and diameter, gassing from the surface independent of pressure and are constant along the length of conventional capillary. Pumping process has been considered for steady pumping process and pumping process with constant pumped gas flow. Accordingly were obtained analytical dependence of pressure distribution in capillary and time of pumping process for design pressure ranges.

Calculated and experimentally determined operating temperature hydrogen-air solid polymer fuel cell in the themselves saturated mode. It has been shown that it is possible to realize the operation of the fuel cell without external humidification at 30-40 °C. The ways of implementation of this technology in aircraft are shown and results of work on creation of power plants to become themselves the UAV fuel cell element are presented.

Structural defects have an impact on the process of reversible hydrogen sorption in metals. They alter the kinetics of absorption and the hydrogen content in unit volume. A comparative analysis of the kinetics of formation of hydrogen segregations for an edge dislocation, the top of the microcracks and wedge disclinations. As an illustrative example we consider the electrochemical system "nickel-boron-hydrogen bond." The kinetics of the process for the wedge disclination obeys a linear law. Hydrogen segregation to the top of microcracks and edge dislocation occurs more slowly. Hydrogen is considered the capacity mentioned structural defects. It has been shown that they do not significantly increase the amount of hydrogen per unit volume. The results of the theoretical analysis are attracted to justify limiting possibilities metals reversible hydrogen sorption.

A comparative analysis of methods of storing hydrogen in alternative energy sources, such as: physical, chemical, adsorption, MH. The advantages and disadvantages of each method of hydrogen storage. Substantiates the main advantages of metal-hydride hydrogen storage systems bound hydrogen. Research shows the possibility of using electrochemical systems for hydrogen storage. For the first time studied the possibility of electrochemical systems to absorb hydrogen in two ways: 1. Formation of the structure of metals and alloys with a certain degree of imperfection; 2. The addition of hydrogen in metal matrix prepared by the method of ion implantation.

The paper presents the study of heat transfer processes during prelaunch decreasing expenditure highways propulsion units (PU) upper stage (US) launch vehicles (LV) and cryogenic systems of the test bench (TB). Based on the consideration of the equations of conservation of mass and energy as applied to gas-cushion tank and the volume of the tank is filled with cryogenic fluid, the methods of mathematical simulation of processes of cooling. According to the results of bench and flight tests control coefficients are specified closing dependences on heat transfer and friction in heat capacity of the elements. TB and PU.  The results of calculation and experimental studies of the processes of cooling consumable hydrogen and oxygen arteries obtained at bench and flight tests of RB, can be used for verification of computer models calculate during cryogenic systems TB and PU. 

The article discusses the solid-fuel and water-steam rocket engine use for pile installation into the soils during the basement construction of different buildings. Use of such engine allows fundamentally change the technology of pile installation, that result in time and resources saving especially in hard-to-reach places. Important disadvantage of all modern pile-driving equipment is their large mass of tens and hundreds tons. The proposed method is able to speed up the process and has significantly less weight equipment. The authors defined a specific impulse of the engine and required fuel supply depending on the cross-section of the pile. Fundamental constructive sketch of the unit and recommendation of the possibility of its use in cities and remote areas are presented.

It offers advanced design known system of twisting flow in the vortex (tornado) with deep pressure reduction at the center of rotation. High-speed turbine with generator are located in the pipe feeding air to the center of rotation. Describes a new design of the turbine and the circuit feed pipes providing stability of the vortex and increased efficiency of the system.

A scheme of a wind power plant, wherein the pressure differential is formed on the working body (turbine), not proportional velocity head of wind, as in conventional wind turbines, but to the velocity of flow. This allows us to expect a high level of energy efficiency.

In this paper we studied the effect of environmental conditions (light, temperature) on the efficiency of electric power generation by galvanic element formed of a pair of metal electrodes placed in the tree and the soil. Electrodes made from iron, stainless steel and copper. Studied trees of different ages Moscow and Kaluga region: birch, linden, oak, larch, pine, spruce. The potential difference between the wood and soil varied between 0.1 and 0.7 V, depending on the wood species and the electrode material. Maximum efficiency of electricity generation in the summer time was achieved at midday on deciduous trees by using electrodes made of iron (wood) and copper (soil). Made the conclusion that the sunlight accelerate the kinetics of redox reactions in the electrolyte xylem with a metal electrode. Higher values of the potential difference in deciduous trees compared to conifers associated with higher values of pH and the dielectric constant in the sap than in turpentine. The results obtained are useful for the construction of electric power trees batteries, by which can be recharged the low power electronic devices.

Despite intensive research on the structure and molecular dynamics of liquid water is still not known thermodynamic mechanism of differentiation of the extreme points of the temperature dependences of the properties of water. In the present work studied the anomalous temperature dependencies, by using the method of linear approximations. Estimated temperature gradient and the activation energy for each dependency and compared them with the energy of hydrogen bonds and energies of their own and cooperative motions of water molecules in clusters. Found that the reaction rupture of hydrogen bonds limit mainly thermodynamics anomalies dynamic viscosity, self-diffusion and conductivity of water. Thermodynamics cooperative and resonance effects in the cluster structures is the basis of density anomalies, adiabatic heat capacity, speed of sound, surface tension and compressibility. Almost all linear approximation had a fracture in the area of 25 °C. Given the known data suggested that at this point, a phase transition occurs between States of water with varying degrees of helicity of hydrogen bonds.

Some topical issues concerning the possibility of a reasonable energy conservation in everyday life were considered by the author of this article. It is shown that energy saving measures allow to save energy resources; they are the key to improving the quality of life and preserving the environment. Energy conservation is a new «source» of energy!

The electrochemical machining treatment (ECMT) has the several unique characteristics, which give the advantages over the other methods of materials mechanical treatment. The importance of further development of ECMT and the necessity of its technological parameters improvements, stipulated by the rapid integration of CNC machines, are shown. The influence of hydrogen, produced on the cathode during the ECMT, on its stability and efficiency is researched. The conditions, providing the stable ECMT process with the ultimate efficiency, are proposed.

The paper considers the issues related to the development of production technology of composite carbon ribbon (CCR) which is the basis for supercapacitors’ electrodes. It also presents the results of comprehensive experimental electrochemical and electro energy research in both - CCR and electrodes, based on CCR and supercapacitors models with stacked and winded structure with the use of such electrodes. The structure of composite electrodes based on activated carbon, electro conductive additive and polymer binder was examined by scanning electronic microscopy. Specific square area of electrodes surface and carbon material pores size was defined by the method of N2 absorption. Electro chemical characteristics of composite electrodes were studied depending on the type of applied current collector. It was established that for non-watery electrolyte 1 M TEABF4/PC, minimal full internal resistance of 7.2 Ohm/cm2 and maximal specific electric capacitance80 F/g are possessed by the electrodes based on CCR glued on current collector by means of electro conductive adhesive. The electrodes demonstrate stability after 1000 cycles of galvanostatic charge/discharge. Basing on the fabricated composite electrodes, models of stacked and winded supercapacitors were built and main parameters of their electric-energy characteristics were studied. 

Catalytic water-vapor reforming of ethanol on nickel catalysts on various support (zinc and silicon oxides and molecular sieves) was performed in the temperature range 250-400 °C in order to determine a product with a minimum carbon monoxide content. At low temperature these catalysts showed a fairly high efficiency in ethanol conversion, giving a mixture with high hydrogen content suitable to supply fuel cells. The major conversion products were hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide and dioxide. The minimum carbon monoxide content in the products was observedat 400 °C reforming with the catalyst on zinc oxide support and with molecular sieves. The 400 °C reforming with the catalyst on silicon oxide support gave products with carbon monoxide concentration of 11 vol.%.

The paper presents the method of uphill electron beam welding in magnetic field for thick parts joining with a through-penetration without usage of runoff blocks in the root. Moreover, it shows the possibility of high-quality weld obtaining without vacuum cavities by reducing the hydrostatic pressure forces applied to the molten metal in the weld pool and the increase of surface tension forces. Experiment technique and EBW conditions of 40-mm thick welds of AISI 316 L(N) steel with the assessment of their quality are described. It is experimentally approved that usage of the proposed EBW method with the formation of the curve shaped channel penetration enhances the range of process conditions providing a stable quality of welded joints.