The use of alternative and renewable sources of energy supply in energy supply around the world is attracting great and practical interest. The growing interest in them is caused by environmental considerations, on the one hand, and the limited nature of traditional hydrocarbon energy sources, on the other. A special place among alternative and renewable energy sources is occupied by photoelectric solar energy converters, the study of physics, which has become a separate scientific direction of photovoltaics. The development and creation of photocells based on silicon by binary compounds of germanium atoms Ge_xSi1 – _x in volume is also of particular interest to scientists and specialists. Since the production of silicon with binary compounds of silicon-germanium with certain electrical parameters and structure allows you to significantly expand the spectral region of the sensitivity of photodetectors and the efficiency of photocells based on such materials.

In addition to the enormous nutritional value, the plasticity of metabolism and the high efficiency of photosynthesis induce active study and optimization of chlorella cultivation conditions. Due to the phototrophic type of nutrition, it would be most appropriate to study the influence of other factors under conditions of optimal energy supply to the cell, otherwise the data obtained when optimizing the growth of Chlorella will contribute to faster growth under conditions of energy limitation, which will not always be reproduced under optimal conditions. lighting conditions.

This article examines the effect of light intensity on the growth of chlorella and shows that chlorella exhibits the maximum growth rate when cultivated in the region of 19.0 kLx, while an increase in light intensity above this range does not lead to an increase in the growth rate of chlorella and significantly changes its pigment composition.

A mathematical model is also presented that explains the influence of the specific surface area of illumination on the productivity of cultivation and with its help it is shown that the surface area of illumination is more critical than the intensity of light on the growth of microalgae.

Hydrogen energy has become increasingly popular in recent years. Hydrogen can be used for energy storage and delivery and is considered as a promising energy carrier in the framework of energy decarbonization. The main advantages of hydrogen are the possibility of obtaining it from various sources and the absence of carbon dioxide emissions when it is used as an energy carrier. In this regard, developed countries are launching their own strategies for the development of hydrogen energy, trying to meet the annually increasing demand for clean energy. Hydrogen energy is becoming increasingly important for Kazakhstan, given its commitment to decarbonizing the economy and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.

This article presents the analysis results of the current state of hydrogen energy in the world and in Kazakhstan. Methods of hydrogen production, demand for hydrogen in the future, as well as hydrogen strategies of the largest developed countries were also considered. It is shown that the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Kazakhstan are energy and industrial activities, which should become the object of the introduction of hydrogen technologies. Also, Kazakhstan's high potential to become a major supplier of green and blue hydrogen due to sufficient hydrocarbon reserves and climatic conditions for the development of renewable energy sources was noted.

Increasing greenhouse gas emissions and the increase in renewable energy sources in electricity generation have led to an increasing interest in hydrogen in recent years. As an energy storage solution for renewable energy, hydrogen can contribute to decarbonizing industries and transportation sectors as well as balancing energy systems. In this paper, the primary objective is to examine different methods for producing hydrogen depending on the primary energy source. In addition, it evaluates the economic and environmental performance of three types of hydrogen, known as hydrogen colors, and the significant obstacles to widespread fuel cell adoption. The key finding is that hydrogen's environmental benefits depend heavily on how hydrogen is produced and what fuel is used to produce it. Green hydrogen can only be produced using wind, solar photovoltaic (PV), and hydroelectric power. The emissions from other sources, such as blue hydrogen that uses carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) or electrolysis using electricity from the grid, are significantly higher than those from grey hydrogen. Furthermore, establishing an international hydrogen market will reduce costs and allow hydrogen to be produced in optimal locations. Lastly, a key unresolved question is whether hydrogen, whatever its color, is economically competitive in any sector of the energy system, despite all external costs associated with it. A policy framework that supports technological advancements, cost reductions, and future priorities will determine hydrogen's success in the future. The transition from grey hydrogen to green hydrogen should be facilitated by this framework.

The article proposes the implementation of the import substitution process, which is currently receiving very increased attention in the Russian Federation, due to the development of a gas analyzer with a solid-state radiation receiver. The results of the development of an optical-pyrometric gas analyzer are presented. As alternatives, six optical circuits of gas analyzers with a solid-state radiation receiver, manufactured both abroad and in Russia, are considered. The criteria for choosing the optical scheme of the gas analyzer are determined. Using the hierarchy analysis method, the optimal optical scheme of a gas analyzer with a solid-state radiation receiver was selected according to these criteria. The results of the economic calculation of the production of the proposed gas analyzer are presented.

One of the key factors for the successful introduction of alternative energy to energy systems is the formation of an effective regulatory framework and government support systems. Specialized government programs for the development of alternative energy are one of the most common instruments that combine legal regulation and economic incentives. In addition to federal programs, in federative states where the climatic and social characteristics may differ significantly between regions, regional government programs of development are also adopted. In federations with a high degree of autonomy of a region these programs complement the legal regulation by regional laws, and in countries with a low degree of autonomy such programs are often the main source of control in the hands of regional authorities. Due to the fact that the federated states of the Russian Federation are diverse in terms of climate, social, economic and other indicators that are significant for the regulation of renewable energy, regional government programs of individual regions of the Russian Federation are suitable as material for studying this method of by-law regulation of renewable energy. The aim of the study was to formulate a list of recommendations for composition of the optimal structure and content of the regional government program. The main research methods were the comparative legal method and the method of analysis and synthesis. Analysis of the experience in policies of incentives for the introduction of renewable energy in regional government programs resulted in a number of conclusions and practical recommendations on improvement of the structure and content of such programs, as well as on the procedure for their passing and signing.