Biofuels are the promising alternative to exhaustible, environmentally unsafe fossil fuels. Algal biomass is attractive raw for biofuel production. Its cultivation does not compete for cropland with agricultural growing of food crop for biofuel and does not require complex treatment methods in comparison with lignocellulose-enriched biomass. Many microalgae are mixotrophs, so they can be used as energy source and as sewage purifier simultaneously. One of the main steps for algal biofuel fabrication is the cultivation of biomass. Photobioreactors and open-air systems are used for this purpose. The formers allow the careful cultivation control, but the latter ones are cheaper and simpler. Biomass conversion processes may be divided to the thermochemical, chemical, biochemical methods and direct combustion. For biodiesel production, triglyceride-enriched biomass undergoes transetherification. For bioalcohol production, biomass is subjected to fermentation. There are three methods of biohydrogen production in the microalgal cells: direct biophotolysis, indirect biophotolysis, fermentation.

In this paper, a program of electrolytic hydrogen energy for the Ceara state in Brazil is proposed. Hydrogen will be produced through the assistance of photovoltaic cell panels and wind turbines. The generated hydrogen will serve as an energy carrier and will be used in every application where fossil fuels are being used today. The scenarios of fast and slow introduction of hydrogen and of no introduction of hydrogen were envisaged. Results indicate that the introduction of renewable energy hydrogen will increase the energy consumption and the gross internal product per capita of the Ceara state. In the same time it will reduce pollution originated from fossil fuels combustion and consequently will increase the quality of life of the population of such federal state of Brazil.

The social and environmental aspects, climatic and glaciological features of the Arctic development in terms of energy supply are considered. The most expedient ways of complex development of the Arctic are shown. On the example of the large and unique stationary projects, paper marks some shortcomings: high cost, long-term construction, incomplete autonomy, insufficient solution of problems of ecology and waste processing. Incomplete autonomy is due to the need for transportation of materials, products, replacement crews and personnel, as well as insufficient logistics and transportation difficulties in summer on the mainland and in winter by sea. Problems of ecology and waste processing are associated with the use of traditional methods of burning solid and liquid fuels using coal or fuel oil polluting the environment. Switching to liquefied natural gas (LNG) for electric propulsion and power supply will significantly improve the environmental situation. The research performed on the mathematical model of the multifunctional energy complex of IEC shows the possibility of uninterrupted power supply of local load from both the centralized network, and from the diesel generator (DG) and the electric power storage; DG is used to save fuel as a backup source. The proposed technologies of power generation based on hydrogen or low-power nuclear power plants allow increasing the energy efficiency of the direct fuel conversion plant and provide integrated waste processing along with improving the environment. The small population of the Arctic, its mobility when using the rotational method requires the integrated development of mobile energy and life support systems of low power up to 30 MW using LNG or low-power nuclear power plants supplemented with RES. If the installation on hydrogen is both source and storage of electricity, the use of low-power nuclear power plants and especially RES require the use of energy storage devices. These hydrogen or electrochemical cycle storage devices are the most progressive in the world energy sector, and their applicability significantly depends on the development of the service infrastructure. Typing and replication of power supply sources can solve the problem of development of remote and isolated regions of the Arctic through the integrated use of innovative technologies for generation, storage, transmission and distribution of electricity, life support, recycling and recycling of waste, environmental conservation using hydrogen energy and digital control and monitoring systems.

The paper investigates the process of oxidative low-temperature water-steam reforming of ethanol in the flow tube of a quartz reactor at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range 300-450 °C in order to obtain hydrogen with a minimum content of carbon monoxide on the previously developed Ni/ZnO catalyst (20 wt.% nickel). The catalyst was prepared by impregnating industrial zinc oxide powder with nickel nitrate followed by calcination and reduction of nickel oxide. Water-ethanol mixtures with the ethanol-water molar ratios from 1: 2 to 1:13 were used. The flow of the liquid mixture was 0.45-1.55 g / h. Air with the mixture was supplied to the reaction zone so that the oxy-gen/ethanol molar ratio varied in the range of 0.5-1.2. A gas phase analysis was carried out on a gas chromatograph “Tsvet-500”. A catarometer was used as a detector.

The research has shown a rather high efficiency of the Ni/ZnO catalyst in the hydrogen production in the process of oxidizing water-steam reforming of ethanol at relatively low temperatures. Hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide are the main products of ethanol reforming. The conversion of ethanol takes place already at 300 °C and is almost completely at 450 °C (99%). The hydrogen content in the reforming products in all the studied cases is over the range of 45-60 vol% and constitutes the yield of 1.6 mole of hydrogen per 1 mole of ethanol at a temperature of 450 °C. At the same time, a higher content of carbon dioxide reaching 45 vol% and a lower content of methane, 4-10 times less than hydrogen, are observed in contrast to water-steam reforming of ethanol, where the content of carbon dioxide is 15-20 vol%, and methane is only 2-2.5 times less than hydrogen.

This paper presents calculated analysis of the equilibrium emission of nitrogen oxides at the exhaust of carburetor and diesel internal combustion engines. The temperature of the fuel oxidation process is assumed to be 1,400 °C, the pressure for carburetor and diesel engines to be 60 and 80 at, respectively. We have conducted studies for natural and artificial fuels: hydrogen, ethanol, methanol, gasoline, diesel fuel and methane with an excess air ratio corresponding to the oxidation temperature of fuels 1,400 °C. The method of calculating the equilibrium composition based on the equilibrium constant and the equations of mass conservation is applied. It is shown that with an increase in pressure from 1 to 60 bar for the carburetor engines and up to 80 bar for the diesel engines the reaction of nitrogen dioxide formation shifts towards an increase in NO₂. Increasing the pressure has no effect on the formation of NO, since the reaction proceeds without changes in the volume. It is established that the main polluting atmospheric component is NO. However, it is advisable to make greater use of fuel with the lowest yield nitrogen dioxide (methane and methanol) because nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) pertaining to the chemicals 2^nd class of danger is the most dangerous to humans. It is established that the reducing temperature of oxidation using hydrogen as fuel for electrochemical power generators allows us to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides over an order of magnitude in comparison with the best results for internal combustion engines.

The use of the environmentally friendly solar thermal energy runs into some problems during practical realization of the power systems due to the difficulties of accumulating and storing the produced thermal energy during the lunar night. The paper deals with a solar hot water supply system for a life support system of the lunar bases located at the peaks of eternal light of the North and South Poles of the Moon and able to maintain hot water temperature during a lunar year taking into account the solar eclipses at the Moon. Solar hot water supply system includes a solar collector in the form of an annular cylinder with an axis perpendicular to the surface of the Moon with hydrogen coolant and seasonal storage heater located in lunar soil filled with crushed regolith to maintain hot water temperature during the periods without sun illumination. Design parameters as well as the system efficiency have been evaluated on the basis of the developed mathematical model and computer simulation of dynamic conditions for the system located at the ridge of Peary crater at the North Pole and the ridges of Shackleton and De Gerlache craters and Malapert Mountain at the South Pole of the Moon. It is shown that for the North Pole the water temperature at the lunar base reaches the required level at the end of the first lunation and practically does not change during the solar eclipse due to the presence of heat in the solar system. When the solar system is located in any peak of eternal light at the South Pole, the time it takes for the system to reach the required thermal regime does not exceed 4 lunations, while the required level of hot water is provided throughout the year. It is noted that due to the presence of dark intervals in the southern peaks of eternal light, significantly larger areas of the mid-solar collector and twice the size of the heat accumulator are required compared to the North Pole.

The article deals with the research and development of electrochemical energy accumulators of stacked supercapacitors of a new generation with enhanced energy characteristics.

On the basis of the theoretical and experimental research carried out at the Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences over the past ten years, prototypes of stacked supercapacitors have been developed with main features the use of non-toxic organic electrolyte based on ionic liquid, and a new technology for manufacturing electrodes of a supercapacitor based on double-sided composite carbon ribbon.

According to the technology we have manufactured supercapacitor 41SK consisting of 40 double-sided and twosided electrodes with a nominal 90.2V and maximum 102.5V voltage, and supercapacitor 2x50SK consisting of two parallel-connected packages of 50 elementary supercapacitors (each package has 49 bilateral and two one-way electrodes) with a nominal 110V and maximum 125 V voltage.

Experimental studies of prototypes show that voltammograms have a typical rectangular shape with a clearly defined double-layer region which indicates a uniform charge distribution and the absence of the contribution of pseudo-capacitive processes in the voltage range under study; charge/discharge dependences have a pronounced sawtooth shape which indicates a uniform charging and discharging of the electrical double layer.

A comparison of the characteristics of serial samples of stacked supercapacitors with an aqueous electrolyte and prototypes of stacked supercapacitors with an organic electrolyte based on 1Me3BuImBF4 ionic liquid shows that specific energy of new type stacked supercapacitors is more than 10 times higher than that of supercapacitors of existing type with aqueous electrolyte; specific power of the stacked supercapacitors of new type is 2-3 times higher than that of the with an aqueous electrolyte.

The article discusses the research and development of the electric power storage devices based on hybrid technologies. Studies and analysis of the required conditions for the application of energy storage systems have shown that their main technical characteristics - stored energy, output power and discharge time obviously cannot be implemented in at least scalable but identical technical devices. In order to solve this problem, the hybrid technologies and he differentiation of energy storage systems are used according to the conditions of applying. For example, to ensure the quality of power supply of almost all end-users of the industrial and private sector, it has been proposed to use hybrid accumulation systems based on batteries and supercapacitors. Hybrid power storage systems of this type have identical technical solutions with an operating voltage of 380 volts and a nominal power in the range of units of kilowatts - units of megawatts depending on the power of the storage elements used.

The article shows that ensuring the quality of power supply to consumers of electricity in petrochemical industries subject to emergency shutdowns and significant violations of regulatory requirements for the quality of power supply due to incorrect operation of power supply networks and other high-voltage equipment is possible with the help of hybrid energy storage systems of the kilovolt and megawatt ranges based on batteries of supercapacitors and static compensators of reactive power which allow supporting a required level and quality of the voltage, increase the capacity of transmission lines.

On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we are pleased to invite you to take part in the “9th International Advances in Applied Physics & Materials Science Congress & Exhibition” which will be held on October 22-28, 2019 in the stunning Convention Centre of one of the largest international resort in Turkey right in the heart of Blue Lagoon (Oludeniz) area.

Stolyarevsky A.Ya. - D.Sc. in Engineering, Director of Center “KORTES”, deputy editor-in-chief International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE)

SPIN: 6991-1898